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		<title><![CDATA[Assata Shakur Speaks - Hands Off Assata - Let's Get Free - Revolutionary - Pan-Africanism - Black On Purpose - Liberation - Forum]]></title>
		<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/</link>
		<description>The next level in Our community as we move our people from all talk and no action, to talk with action. In terms of organizing in respective communities to promote conscious discussion and solutions powered by The Talking Drum Collective.</description>
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			<title><![CDATA[Assata Shakur Speaks - Hands Off Assata - Let's Get Free - Revolutionary - Pan-Africanism - Black On Purpose - Liberation - Forum]]></title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/</link>
		</image>
		<item>
			<title>Check In With Friends</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40454-check-friends.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 01:53:01 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>check in with friends 
By Senghor Baye 
 
Greetings to you all, 
Sistren and Brethren we are in a serious time in this drunk and corrupt world. It is of the utmost importance that we continue to close our ranks and build on the accomplishments of our ancestors as well as overstand all our...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>check in with friends<br />
By Senghor Baye<br />
<br />
Greetings to you all,<br />
Sistren and Brethren we are in a serious time in this drunk and corrupt world. It is of the utmost importance that we continue to close our ranks and build on the accomplishments of our ancestors as well as overstand all our shortcomings of the present and past. Inorder to ameliorate the conditions Afrikans face at home and abroad, we must remain clear Marcus Garvey laid the most solid black print within the 20th century. Now that Garvey and many other ancestors have returned in the spirit of the global Whirlwind, self reliance, self determination and independent practical application towards real nation building must be addressed, so the 21st century, we can advance to our traditional greatness both at home and abroad.<br />
The unification, focus, and works of those who know our internal power,heritage, and great potential must build concrete ways and means for our own advancement in Industry, Government, Economics, Health and Wellness, and systems of Communications and Technological advancement. Our ancestors are waiting and watching and far to many of our own youth are crying and dieing do to the oppression of the system of global white supremacy and our own apathy. Guns, Greed and Genocide continues to be used against us globally and now in the 21st century this shall continue until we build a real solid external power base in numbers to stop it.<br />
We can, We must, We will for we can accomplish what we will!. Just thought I would let each of you know the 21st century UNIA-ACL still has the rightous formally for Afrikans north,south,east and west of the world. It is now going to be up to U (you ) NIA (Purpose) what becomes of the Afrikan Communties League ACL of the world is on all of us. whether active with the Garvey movement or not the future shall prove it is all for YOU Too, what we do. Garvey Lives! The UNIA-ACL is rebuilding our government for today and future generations. 9th succesor to Garvey and 10th PG of the UNIA-ACL.</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/">Open Forum</category>
			<dc:creator>Moorbey</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40454-check-friends.html</guid>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Subversive Thoughts</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40453-subversive-thoughts.html</link>
			<pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 01:35:57 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>When I give food to the poor, they call me a saint. When I ask why the poor have no food, they call me a communist .- Dom Helder Camara</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>When I give food to the poor, they call me a saint. When I ask why the poor have no food, they call me a communist .- Dom Helder Camara</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/">Open Forum</category>
			<dc:creator>Moorbey</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40453-subversive-thoughts.html</guid>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Was africa peaceful before islam and the whites?</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40451-africa-peaceful-before-islam-whites.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 23:07:01 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[Was Africa peaceful before the intruders infiltrated us? 
 
Or Was Africa, as the white describe it, a land full of tribalism and constant clannish bickering? 
 
Anybody got some information, a link, a video or a website that goes more into this, I would greatly appreciate it.<!---->     <!---->]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Was Africa peaceful before the intruders infiltrated us?<br />
<br />
Or Was Africa, as the white describe it, a land full of tribalism and constant clannish bickering?<br />
<br />
Anybody got some information, a link, a video or a website that goes more into this, I would greatly appreciate it.<!---->     <!----></div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/">Open Forum</category>
			<dc:creator>That_Untouchable_cat</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40451-africa-peaceful-before-islam-whites.html</guid>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>YahHHh!!!!!!!!</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40450-yahhhh.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 22:08:39 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>I would like to let everyone know I got straight A’s on my report card. I’m on the track team; I made it to cross country states and I’ve only been running for 2 months this month makes it 3. I’m starting a Robotics club at my school and I finally got math I didn’t understand meaning I was...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><font color="lemonchiffon">I would like to let everyone know I got straight A’s on my report card. I’m on the track team; I made it to cross country states and I’ve only been running for 2 months this month makes it 3. I’m starting a Robotics club at my school and I finally got math I didn’t understand meaning I was challenged; and I hate shakespere but I got a 35/35 on the test!!!! I love to learn and experience and I’m very happy and proud of myself!!!! </font></font></font></div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/">Open Forum</category>
			<dc:creator>Eka</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40450-yahhhh.html</guid>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Buy New Unlocked Nokia N97 32gb, Sidekick LX 2009, Htc Touch HD2.</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40449-buy-new-unlocked-nokia-n97-32gb-sidekick-lx-2009-htc-touch-hd2.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:28:48 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>*Company Name: MOBILEPHONESTORE.NET LIMITED 
Registered No.: 06495929 
Address: ROYSIA HOUSE, 2ND FLOOR ROYSIA HOUSE, ROYSTON, HERTFORDSHIRE, SG8 9JH,United Kingdom. 
Email: Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk or F.leo@live.co.uk 
Tel: +447024035763 
Type: Private Limited with share capital 
Status:...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><b>Company Name: MOBILEPHONESTORE.NET LIMITED<br />
Registered No.: 06495929<br />
Address: ROYSIA HOUSE, 2ND FLOOR ROYSIA HOUSE, ROYSTON, HERTFORDSHIRE, SG8 9JH,United Kingdom.<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk">Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk</a> or <a href="mailto:F.leo@live.co.uk">F.leo@live.co.uk</a><br />
Tel: +447024035763<br />
Type: Private Limited with share capital<br />
Status: Small unquoted company filing only an abbreviated balance sheet<br />
Nature of business SIC: 52450 - Retail sale of electrical household<br />
appliances and radio and television goods<br />
<br />
We are a professional Mobile &amp; Electronics Seller<br />
specialized in Pioneer CDJ, Nokia products, Play station<br />
games , APPLE Products and many more products available for<br />
Sale in Our Store Here In UNITED KINGDOM. Our headquarter is located<br />
in HERTFORDSHIRE and the factory and office are located in<br />
Finland We ship through out the Federation both local and<br />
overseas markets.<br />
<br />
ORDER INFORMATION :<br />
Minimum Order : 1-10 units<br />
Shipping Method : FedEx and UPS.<br />
Delivery Time : 2-3days Delivery To Your Door Step.<br />
<br />
oFFER:Buy 3units and get 1unit free with free shipment.<br />
<br />
Our phones are imported from Finland,Hungary and Singapore; they are<br />
factory sealed with original packets with complete accessory, e.g.<br />
charger, extra battery and software c d. The phones are sim free and<br />
it's never lock to any network, specification:<br />
(europeans/usa-specifications) general network gsm 900/gsm 1800/gsm 1900 platform - tri band (gsm900 + 1800 + 1900 MHz: country of<br />
manufactured origin: Finland,Hungary and Singapore.<br />
<br />
1. Complete accessories(Well packed and sealed in original company box)<br />
2. Unlocked / sim free.<br />
3. Brand new (original manufacturer) box - no copies<br />
4. All phones have English language as default<br />
5. All material (software, manual) - car chargers - home chargers -<br />
usb data cables -holsters/belt clips - wireless headsets(bluetooth)<br />
-leather and non-leather carrying cases - batteries.<br />
If you are interested, forward your questions and inquires to us via<br />
email your order and shipping details. we give 1 year warranty for<br />
every product sold out to our costumers, our product are company class<br />
1 tested and approved by global standard organization of wireless<br />
industries, Brand new merchandise with complete accessories, extra<br />
charger and battery.<br />
<br />
Shipping fees : Free shipping for bulk orders : FedEx, DHL or UPS<br />
Delivery Time : 2 days maximum.<br />
<br />
oFFER:Buy 3units and get 1unit free with free shipment.<br />
<br />
Below is some of our items with price lists:<br />
APPLE IPOD PRODUCT<br />
<br />
The New Apple iphone 3gs 16/32gb.....$350USD<br />
APPLE iphone 3g 8gb .............$110USD<br />
APPLE iTouch 3g 16gb...........$170USD<br />
<br />
20GB iPod 20GB iPod @45USD<br />
Apple 4 GB iPod Mini Pink M9435LL/A @40USD<br />
Apple 40 GB iPod photo @40USD<br />
Apple 4 GB iPod Mini Silver M9160LL/A @40USD<br />
Apple 60 GB iPod Photo M9830LL/A @60USD<br />
Apple 60 GB iPod photo @55USD<br />
Apple 30 GB iPod Photo M9829LL/A @50USD<br />
Apple 512 MB iPod Shuffle MP3 Player @40USD<br />
Apple 4 GB iPod Mini Blue M9436LL/A @45USD<br />
Apple 2 GB iPod Nano @50USD<br />
Apple 4 GB iPod Nano @60USD<br />
Apple 30 GB iPod Vidoe @110USD<br />
Apple 60 GB iPod Vidoe @150USD<br />
<br />
APPLE MAC BOOK<br />
<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 14/2GHZ,1GB RAM Intel Core 2 Duo@350<br />
Apple macbook pro 15/2.33/2G Intel core duo 2 @450<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 17/2.33/2G Intel Core 2 Duo @600<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 17/2.4Ghz/160 Intel Core 2 Duo @700<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 17" 2.16GHZ Intel core duo @550<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 15.4/2.4Ghz Intel Core 2 Duo @350<br />
Apple Macbook pro 15.4"ICD 2GHZ 1/100GB @450<br />
Apple Macbook Core Duo 2 Ghz-13.3" TFT-MA472LL/A @300<br />
Apple Macbook Pro Core 2 Duo 2.16ghz-15.4"@400<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 15"2.16Ghz,1gb,160HD @450<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 17" 3GB RAM,160GB HD @500<br />
<br />
NoKIA N900 $250usd<br />
NOKIA N97 32gb....200USD<br />
NOKIA N96 -----US$150<br />
NOKIA N95 8GB---US$120USD<br />
NOKIA N95---US$120USD<br />
NOKIA N93I ---US$110USD<br />
NOKIA N93 ---US$100USD<br />
NOKIA N92 ---US$100USD<br />
NOKIA N91 ---US$100USD<br />
NOKIA N90---$US100USD<br />
NOKIA N80---$US95USD<br />
NOKIA N70---$US$95USD<br />
NOKIA N71---$US$90USD<br />
NOKIA N72---$US$90USD<br />
NOKIA N73---$US$90USD<br />
NOKIA N75---$US$100USD<br />
NOKIA 8800--US$85USD<br />
NOKIA 8800 SIRROCO --US $150<br />
NOKIA 2100-- US$50<br />
<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk">Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk</a> or<br />
       <a href="mailto:F.leo@live.co.uk">F.leo@live.co.uk</a>.<br />
<br />
Blackberry Storm2 9550 at $300USD<br />
Blackberry Storm2 9520 at $250USD<br />
Blackberry Bold 9000 at $150USD<br />
BlackBerry 8830 $150USD<br />
Blackberry Curve 8320 at $150USD<br />
Blackberry Curve 8350i at $170USD<br />
Blackberry Curve 8330 at $1700USD<br />
Blackberry Storm 9500 Touch Screen at $200USD<br />
Blackberry Storm 9530 at $210USD<br />
BlackBerry Javelin 8900 at $220USD<br />
<br />
Motorola DEXT MB220....$210usd<br />
Motorola Droid.........$290usd<br />
Motorola Motocubo A45..$250usd<br />
Motorola Karma QA1.....$150usd<br />
<br />
Asus P535 $190<br />
Asus P525 $180<br />
Asus P505 $160<br />
Asus Z810 $200<br />
Asus V85 $150<br />
Asus V75 $130<br />
<br />
Htc Touch HD2 $320usd<br />
Htc Touch Pro $150usd<br />
Htc Touch Pro2 $220usd<br />
Htc Touch HD $150usd<br />
Htc Sprint $210usd<br />
Htc Hero $220usd<br />
HTC X7500 $250<br />
HTC S710 $250<br />
HTC P350 $200<br />
HTC P3400 $190<br />
HTC P4350 $150<br />
HTC P3600 $160<br />
HTC P3300 $100<br />
HTC S620 $120<br />
HTC S310 $140<br />
HTC TYTN $1200<br />
HTC MT EOR $140<br />
<br />
Qtek 8100 $125<br />
QTEK 8300 $145<br />
Qtek 8310 $155<br />
Qtek 8500 $165<br />
Qtek 8600 $225<br />
Qtek 9600 $270<br />
<br />
<br />
Sony Ericsson K500i--- $1310<br />
Sony Ericsson K508i--- $110<br />
Sony Ericsson K510i--- $110<br />
Sony Ericsson K600i--- $110<br />
Sony Ericsson K608i--- $110<br />
Sony Ericsson K610i--- $110<br />
Sony Ericsson K700i--- $120<br />
Sony Ericsson K750i--- $120<br />
Sony Ericsson K790i--- $120<br />
Sony Ericsson K800i--- $120<br />
<br />
<br />
SAMSUNG OMNIA SGH i900<br />
SAMSUNG D500 ----US$130<br />
SAMSUNG D600 ----US$150USD<br />
<br />
For inquiries, kindly place your order by contacting us on Email: <a href="mailto:Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk">Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk</a> or <a href="mailto:F.leo@live.co.uk">F.leo@live.co.uk</a>.<br />
<br />
Thanks<br />
<br />
Announcer<br />
<br />
Sales management<br />
<br />
MOBILEPHONESTORE.NET LIMITED. </b></div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/">Open Forum</category>
			<dc:creator>iddonfamily</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40449-buy-new-unlocked-nokia-n97-32gb-sidekick-lx-2009-htc-touch-hd2.html</guid>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>Buy New Unlocked Apple Iphone 3gs, Motorola Droid, Nokia N900.</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/p-c-tech-advice-technology/40448-buy-new-unlocked-apple-iphone-3gs-motorola-droid-nokia-n900.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:28:03 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>*Company Name: MOBILEPHONESTORE.NET LIMITED 
Registered No.: 06495929 
Address: ROYSIA HOUSE, 2ND FLOOR ROYSIA HOUSE, ROYSTON, HERTFORDSHIRE, SG8 9JH,United Kingdom. 
Email: Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk or F.leo@live.co.uk 
Tel: +447024035763 
Type: Private Limited with share capital 
Status:...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><b>Company Name: MOBILEPHONESTORE.NET LIMITED<br />
Registered No.: 06495929<br />
Address: ROYSIA HOUSE, 2ND FLOOR ROYSIA HOUSE, ROYSTON, HERTFORDSHIRE, SG8 9JH,United Kingdom.<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk">Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk</a> or <a href="mailto:F.leo@live.co.uk">F.leo@live.co.uk</a><br />
Tel: +447024035763<br />
Type: Private Limited with share capital<br />
Status: Small unquoted company filing only an abbreviated balance sheet<br />
Nature of business SIC: 52450 - Retail sale of electrical household<br />
appliances and radio and television goods<br />
<br />
We are a professional Mobile &amp; Electronics Seller<br />
specialized in Pioneer CDJ, Nokia products, Play station<br />
games , APPLE Products and many more products available for<br />
Sale in Our Store Here In UNITED KINGDOM. Our headquarter is located<br />
in HERTFORDSHIRE and the factory and office are located in<br />
Finland We ship through out the Federation both local and<br />
overseas markets.<br />
<br />
ORDER INFORMATION :<br />
Minimum Order : 1-10 units<br />
Shipping Method : FedEx and UPS.<br />
Delivery Time : 2-3days Delivery To Your Door Step.<br />
<br />
oFFER:Buy 3units and get 1unit free with free shipment.<br />
<br />
Our phones are imported from Finland,Hungary and Singapore; they are<br />
factory sealed with original packets with complete accessory, e.g.<br />
charger, extra battery and software c d. The phones are sim free and<br />
it's never lock to any network, specification:<br />
(europeans/usa-specifications) general network gsm 900/gsm 1800/gsm 1900 platform - tri band (gsm900 + 1800 + 1900 MHz: country of<br />
manufactured origin: Finland,Hungary and Singapore.<br />
<br />
1. Complete accessories(Well packed and sealed in original company box)<br />
2. Unlocked / sim free.<br />
3. Brand new (original manufacturer) box - no copies<br />
4. All phones have English language as default<br />
5. All material (software, manual) - car chargers - home chargers -<br />
usb data cables -holsters/belt clips - wireless headsets(bluetooth)<br />
-leather and non-leather carrying cases - batteries.<br />
If you are interested, forward your questions and inquires to us via<br />
email your order and shipping details. we give 1 year warranty for<br />
every product sold out to our costumers, our product are company class<br />
1 tested and approved by global standard organization of wireless<br />
industries, Brand new merchandise with complete accessories, extra<br />
charger and battery.<br />
<br />
Shipping fees : Free shipping for bulk orders : FedEx, DHL or UPS<br />
Delivery Time : 2 days maximum.<br />
<br />
oFFER:Buy 3units and get 1unit free with free shipment.<br />
<br />
Below is some of our items with price lists:<br />
APPLE IPOD PRODUCT<br />
<br />
The New Apple iphone 3gs 16/32gb.....$350USD<br />
APPLE iphone 3g 8gb .............$110USD<br />
APPLE iTouch 3g 16gb...........$170USD<br />
<br />
20GB iPod 20GB iPod @45USD<br />
Apple 4 GB iPod Mini Pink M9435LL/A @40USD<br />
Apple 40 GB iPod photo @40USD<br />
Apple 4 GB iPod Mini Silver M9160LL/A @40USD<br />
Apple 60 GB iPod Photo M9830LL/A @60USD<br />
Apple 60 GB iPod photo @55USD<br />
Apple 30 GB iPod Photo M9829LL/A @50USD<br />
Apple 512 MB iPod Shuffle MP3 Player @40USD<br />
Apple 4 GB iPod Mini Blue M9436LL/A @45USD<br />
Apple 2 GB iPod Nano @50USD<br />
Apple 4 GB iPod Nano @60USD<br />
Apple 30 GB iPod Vidoe @110USD<br />
Apple 60 GB iPod Vidoe @150USD<br />
<br />
APPLE MAC BOOK<br />
<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 14/2GHZ,1GB RAM Intel Core 2 Duo@350<br />
Apple macbook pro 15/2.33/2G Intel core duo 2 @450<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 17/2.33/2G Intel Core 2 Duo @600<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 17/2.4Ghz/160 Intel Core 2 Duo @700<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 17&quot; 2.16GHZ Intel core duo @550<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 15.4/2.4Ghz Intel Core 2 Duo @350<br />
Apple Macbook pro 15.4&quot;ICD 2GHZ 1/100GB @450<br />
Apple Macbook Core Duo 2 Ghz-13.3&quot; TFT-MA472LL/A @300<br />
Apple Macbook Pro Core 2 Duo 2.16ghz-15.4&quot;@400<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 15&quot;2.16Ghz,1gb,160HD @450<br />
Apple Macbook Pro 17&quot; 3GB RAM,160GB HD @500<br />
<br />
NoKIA N900 $250usd<br />
NOKIA N97 32gb....200USD<br />
NOKIA N96 -----US$150<br />
NOKIA N95 8GB---US$120USD<br />
NOKIA N95---US$120USD<br />
NOKIA N93I ---US$110USD<br />
NOKIA N93 ---US$100USD<br />
NOKIA N92 ---US$100USD<br />
NOKIA N91 ---US$100USD<br />
NOKIA N90---$US100USD<br />
NOKIA N80---$US95USD<br />
NOKIA N70---$US$95USD<br />
NOKIA N71---$US$90USD<br />
NOKIA N72---$US$90USD<br />
NOKIA N73---$US$90USD<br />
NOKIA N75---$US$100USD<br />
NOKIA 8800--US$85USD<br />
NOKIA 8800 SIRROCO --US $150<br />
NOKIA 2100-- US$50<br />
<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk">Mobilephonestore.net@live.co.uk</a> or<br />
       <a href="mailto:F.leo@live.co.uk">F.leo@live.co.uk</a>.<br />
<br />
Blackberry Storm2 9550 at $300USD<br />
Blackberry Storm2 9520 at $250USD<br />
Blackberry Bold 9000 at $150USD<br />
BlackBerry 8830 $150USD<br />
Blackberry Curve 8320 at $150USD<br />
Blackberry Curve 8350i at $170USD<br />
Blackberry Curve 8330 at $1700USD<br />
Blackberry Storm 9500 Touch Screen at $200USD<br />
Blackberry Storm 9530 at $210USD<br />
BlackBerry Javelin 8900 at $220USD<br />
<br />
Motorola DEXT MB220....$210usd<br />
Motorola Droid.........$290usd<br />
Motorola Motocubo A45..$250usd<br />
Motorola Karma QA1.....$150usd<br />
<br />
Asus P535 $190<br />
Asus P525 $180<br />
Asus P505 $160<br />
Asus Z810 $200<br />
Asus V85 $150<br />
Asus V75 $130<br />
<br />
Htc Touch HD2 $320usd<br />
Htc Touch Pro $150usd<br />
Htc Touch Pro2 $220usd<br />
Htc Touch HD $150usd<br />
Htc Sprint $210usd<br />
Htc Hero $220usd<br />
HTC X7500 $250<br />
HTC S710 $250<br />
HTC P350 $200<br />
HTC P3400 $190<br />
HTC P4350 $150<br />
HTC P3600 $160<br />
HTC P3300 $100<br />
HTC S620 $120<br />
HTC S310 $140<br />
HTC TYTN $1200<br />
HTC MT EOR $140<br />
<br />
Qtek 8100 $125<br />
QTEK 8300 $145<br />
Qtek 8310 $155<br />
Qtek 8500 $165<br />
Qtek 8600 $225<br />
Qtek 9600 $270<br />
<br />
<br />
Sony Ericsson K500i--- $1310<br />
Sony Ericsson K508i--- $110<br />
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]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/p-c-tech-advice-technology/"><![CDATA[P C Tech Advice & Technology]]></category>
			<dc:creator>iddonfamily</dc:creator>
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		</item>
		<item>
			<title>P.e.a.c.e</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/introduce-your-afrikan-self/40447-p-e-c-e.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:14:40 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[Peace 2 Man, woman & child. I'm new 2 this site so I just wanted 2 say wut's up 2 every1 here, I definately lo0k 4ward 2 building wit ya'll as I continue my journey 2 aquire knowledge of my history ( not "his story") & ultimately knowledge of self. Peace & blessin's 2 all...... 
 
P.E.A.C.E]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Peace 2 Man, woman &amp; child. I'm new 2 this site so I just wanted 2 say wut's up 2 every1 here, I definately lo0k 4ward 2 building wit ya'll as I continue my journey 2 aquire knowledge of my history ( not &quot;his story&quot;) &amp; ultimately knowledge of self. Peace &amp; blessin's 2 all......<br />
<br />
P.E.A.C.E</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/introduce-your-afrikan-self/">Introduce Your Afrikan Self</category>
			<dc:creator>P.E.A.C.E</dc:creator>
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			<title>Assata.Ning</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/assata-ning/40446-assata-ning.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 17:33:09 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[Looking for feedback on how to improve and bring more awareness to Queen Assata and all political prisoners/prisoners of war. Assata Shakur Ning - Hands Off Assata (http://assata.ning.com) was created to be an extension (doorway) to the TTDC and it's family of Revolutionary Sites. Looking for...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Looking for feedback on how to improve and bring more awareness to Queen Assata and all political prisoners/prisoners of war. <a href="http://assata.ning.com" target="_blank">Assata Shakur Ning - Hands Off Assata</a> was created to be an extension (doorway) to the TTDC and it's family of Revolutionary Sites. Looking for moderators for Assata.Ning as well as a  female to co-host Assata Radio. Please P.M. if interested and let's talk about it.</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/assata-ning/">Assata Ning</category>
			<dc:creator>Moorbey</dc:creator>
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			<title>Kwame Kilpatrick - Exclusive FCN Interview</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40445-kwame-kilpatrick-exclusive-fcn-interview.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 16:03:52 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[Bismillaah ir Rahmaan ir Rahiim   As salaamu 'alaikum. 
 
 
 
Kwame Kilpatrick - Exclusive FCN Interview (http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/Perspectives_1/article_6576.shtml) 
 
 
 
Wassalaam.   ShakaZulu]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Bismillaah ir Rahmaan ir Rahiim   As salaamu 'alaikum.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/Perspectives_1/article_6576.shtml" target="_blank">Kwame Kilpatrick - Exclusive FCN Interview</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Wassalaam.   ShakaZulu</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/">Open Forum</category>
			<dc:creator>ShakaZulu</dc:creator>
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			<title>The fbi’s covert action program to destroy the black panther party</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/contested-zone/40444-fbi-s-covert-action-program-destroy-black-panther-party.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 13:43:07 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>FINAL REPORT 
OF THE 
SELECT COMMITTEE 
 
TO STUDY GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS 
WITH RESPECT TO 
INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES 
 
UNITED STATES SENATE</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>FINAL REPORT<br />
OF THE<br />
SELECT COMMITTEE<br />
<br />
TO STUDY GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS<br />
WITH RESPECT TO<br />
INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES<br />
<br />
UNITED STATES SENATE<br />
<br />
APRIL 23 (under authority of the order of April 14), 1976<br />
<br />
THE FBI’S COVERT ACTION PROGRAM TO DESTROY THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY<br />
<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
<br />
In August 1967, the FBI initiated a covert action program — COINTELPRO — to disrupt and “neutralize” organizations which the Bureau characterized as “Black Nationalist Hate Groups.” 1 The FBI memorandum expanding the program described its goals as:<br />
<br />
1. Prevent a coalition of militant black nationalist groups….<br />
<br />
2. Prevent the rise of a messiah who could unify and electrify the militant nationalist movement … Martin Luther King, Stokely Carmichael and Elijah Muhammad all aspire to this position….<br />
<br />
3. Prevent violence on the part of black nationalist groups….<br />
<br />
4. Prevent militant black nationalist groups and leaders from gaining respectability by discrediting them….<br />
<br />
5. . . . prevent the long-range growth of militant black nationalist organizations, especially among youth. 2<br />
<br />
The targets of this nationwide program to disrupt “militant black nationalist organizations” included groups such as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), and the Nation of Islam (NOI). It was expressly directed against such leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., Stokley Carmichael, H. Rap Brown, Maxwell Stanford, and Elijah Muhammad.<br />
<br />
The Black Panther Party (BPP) was not among the original “Black Nationalist” targets. In September 1968, however, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover described the Panthers as:<br />
<br />
“the greatest threat to the internal security of the country.<br />
<br />
“Schooled in the Marxist-Leninist ideology and the teaching of Chinese Communist leader Mao Tse-tung, its members have perpetrated numerous assaults on police officers and have engaged in violent confrontations with police throughout the country. Leaders and representatives of the Black Panther Party travel extensively all over the, United States preaching their gospel of hate and violence not only to ghetto residents, but to students in colleges, universities and high schools is well.” 3<br />
<br />
By July 1969, the Black Panthers had become the primary focus of the program, and was ultimately the target of 233 of the total authorized “Black Nationalist” COINTELPRO actions. 4<br />
<br />
Although the claimed purpose of the Bureau’s COINTELPRO tactics was to prevent violence, some of the FBI’s tactics against the BPP were clearly intended to foster violence, and many others could reasonably have been expected to cause violence. For example, the FBI’s efforts to “intensify the degree of animosity” between the BPP and the Blackstone Rangers, a Chicago street gang, included sending an anonymous letter to the gang’s leader falsely informing him that the the Chicago Panthers had “a hit out” on him. 5 The stated intent of the letter was to induce the Ranger leader to “take reprisals against” the Panther leadership. 6<br />
<br />
Similarly, in Southern California, the FBI launched a covert effort to “create further dissension in the ranks of the BPP.” 7 This effort included mailing anonymous letters and caricatures to BPP members ridiculing the local and national BPP leadership for the express purpose of exacerbating an existing “gang war” between the BPP and an organization called the United Slaves (US). This “gang war” resulted in the killing of four BPP members by members of US and in numerous beatings and shootings. Although individual incidents in this dispute cannot be directly traced to efforts by the FBI, FBI officials were clearly aware of the violent nature of the dispute, engaged in actions which they hoped would prolong and intensify the dispute, and proudly claimed credit for violent clashes between the rival factions which. in the words of one FBI official, resulted in “shootings, beatings, and a high degree of unrest in the area of southeast San Diego.” 8<br />
<br />
James Adams, Deputy Associate Director of the FBI’s Intelligence Division, told the Committee:<br />
<br />
None of our programs have contemplated violence, and the instructions prohibit it, and the record of turndowns of recommended actions in some instances specifically say that we do not approve this action because if we take it it could result in harm to the individual. 9<br />
<br />
But the Committee’s record suggests otherwise. For example, in May 1970, after US organization members had already killed four BPP members, the Special Agent in Charge of the Los Angeles FBI office wrote to FBI headquarters:<br />
<br />
Information received from local sources indicate that, in general, the membership of the Los Angeles BPP is physically afraid of US members and take premeditated precautions to avoid confrontations.<br />
<br />
In view of their anxieties, it is not presently felt that the Los Angeles BPP can be prompted into what could result in an internecine struggle between the two organizations. . . .<br />
<br />
The Los Angeles Division is aware of the mutually hostile feelings harbored between the organizations and the first opportunity to capitalize on the situation will be maximized. It is intended that US Inc. will be appropriately and discreetly advised of the time and location of BPP activities in order that the two organizations might be brought together and thus grant nature the opportunity to take her due course. [Emphasis added.] 10<br />
<br />
This report focuses solely on the FBI’s counterintelligence program to disrupt and “neutralize” the Black Panther Party. It does not examine the reasonableness of the basis for the FBI’s investigation of the BPP or seek to justify either the politics, the rhetoric, or the actions of the BPP. This report does demonstrate, however, that the chief investigative branch of the Federal Government, which was charged by law with investigating crimes and preventing criminal conduct, itself engaged in lawless tactics and responded to deep-seated social problems by fomenting violence and unrest.<br />
<br />
A. The Effort to Promote Violence Between the Black Panther Party and Other Well-Armed, Potentially Violent Organizations<br />
<br />
The Select Committee’s staff investigation has disclosed a number of instances in which the FBI sought to turn violence-prone organizations against the Panthers in an effort to aggravate “gang warfare.” Because of the milieu of violence in which members of the Panthers often moved we have been unable to establish a direct link between any of the FBI’s specific efforts to promote violence, and particular acts of violence that occurred. We have been able to establish beyond doubt, however, that high officials of the FBI desired to promote violent confrontations between BPP members and members of other groups, and that those officials condoned tactics calculated to achieve that end. It is deplorable that officials of the United States Government, should engage in the activities described below, however dangerous a threat they might have considered the Panthers; equally disturbing is the pride which those officials took in claiming credit for the bloodshed that occurred.<br />
<br />
1. The Effort to Promote Violence Between the Black Panther Party and the United Slaves (US), Inc.<br />
<br />
FBI memoranda indicate that the FBI leadership was aware of a violent power struggle between the Black Panther Party and the United Slaves (US) in late 1968. A memorandum to the head of the FBI’s Domestic Intelligence Division, for example, stated:<br />
<br />
On 11/2/68, BPP received information indicating US members intended to assassinate Leroy Eldridge Cleaver … at a rally scheduled at Los Angeles on 11/3/68. A Los Angeles racial informant advised on 11/8/68 that [a BPP member] had been identified as a US infiltrator and that BPP headquarters had instructed that [name deleted] should be killed.<br />
<br />
During BPP rally, US members including one [name deleted], were ordered to leave the rally site by LASS members (Los Angeles BPP Security Squad) and did so. US capitulation on this occasion prompted BPP members to decide to kill [name deleted] and then take over US organization. Members of LASS . . . were given orders to eliminate [name deleted] and [name deleted]. 11<br />
<br />
This memorandum also suggested that the two US members should be told of the BPP’s plans to “eliminate” them in order to convince them to become Bureau informants. 12<br />
<br />
In November 1968, the FBI took initial steps in its program to disrupt the Black Panther Party in San Diego, California by aggravating the existing hostility between the Panthers and US. A memorandum from FBI Director Hoover to 14 field offices noted a state of “gang warfare” existed, with “attendant threats of murder and reprisals.” between the BPP and US in southern California and added:<br />
<br />
In order to fully capitalize upon BPP and US differences as well as to exploit all avenues of creating further dissention in the ranks of the BPP, recipient offices are instructed to submit imaginative and hard-hitting counterintelligence measures aimed at crippling the BPP. 13<br />
<br />
As the tempo of violence quickened, the FBI’s field office in San Diego developed tactics calculated to heighten tension between the hostile factions. On January 17, 1969, two members of the Black Panther Party — Apprentice “Bunchey” Carter and John Huggins — were killed by US members on the UCLA campus following a meeting involving the two organizations and university students. 14 One month later, the San Diego field office requested permission from headquarters to mail derogatory cartoons to local BPP offices and to the homes of prominent BPP leaders around the country. 15 The purpose was plainly stated:<br />
<br />
The purpose of the caricatures is to indicate to the BPP that the US organization feels that they are ineffectual, inadequate, and riddled with graft and corruption. 16<br />
<br />
In the first week of March, the first cartoon was mailed to five BPP members and two underground papers, all in the San Diego area. 17 According to an FBI memorandum, the consensus of opinion within the BPP was that US was responsible and that the mailing constituted an attack on the BPP by US. 18<br />
<br />
In mid-March 1969, the FBI learned that a BPP member had been critically wounded by US members at a rally in Los Angeles. The field office concluded that shots subsequently fired into the, home of a US member were the results of a retaliatory raid by the BPP. 19 Tensions between the BPP and US in San Diego, however, appeared to lessen, and the FBI concluded that those chapters were trying “to talk out their differences.” The San Diego field office reported:<br />
<br />
On 3/27/69 there was a meeting between the BPP and US organization. . . . Wallace [BPP leader in San Diego] . . . concluded by stating that the BPP in San Diego would not hold a grudge against the US members for the killing of the Panthers in Los Angeles (Huggins and Carter). He stated that lie would leave any retaliation for this activity to the black community. . . .<br />
<br />
On 4/2/69, there was a friendly confrontation between US and the BPP with no weapons being exhibited by either side. US members met with BPP members and tried to talk out their differences. 20<br />
<br />
On March 27, 1969 — the day that the San Diego field office learned that the local BPP leader had promised that his followers “would not hold a grudge” against local US members for the killings in Los Angeles — the San Diego office requested headquarters’ approval for three more cartoons ridiculing the BPP and falsely attributed to US. One week later, shortly after the San Diego office learned that US and BPP members were again meeting and discussing their differences, the San Diego field office mailed the cartoons with headquarters’ approval. 21<br />
<br />
On April 4, 1969 there was a confrontation between US and BPP members in Southcrest Park in San Diego at which, according to an FBI memorandum, the BPP members “ran the US members off.” 22 On the same date, US members broke into a BPP political education meeting and roughed up a female BPP member. 21 The FBI’s Special Agent in Charge in San Diego boasted that the cartoons had caused these incidents:<br />
<br />
The BPP members … strongly objected being made fun of by cartoons being distributed by the US organization (FBI cartoons in actuality) … [Informant] has advised on several occasions that the cartoons are “really shaking up the BPP.” They have made the BPP feel that US is getting ready to move and this was the cause of the confrontation at Southcrest Park on 4/4/69. 24<br />
<br />
The fragile truce had ended. On May 23, 1969, John Savage, a member of the BPP in Southern California, was shot and killed by US member Jerry Horne, aka Tambuzi. The killing was reported in an FBI memorandum which staked that confrontations between the groups were now “ranging from mere harrassment up to and including beating of various individuals.” 25 In mid-June, the San Diego FBI office informed Washington headquarters that members of the US organization were holding firearms practice and purchasing large quantities of ammunition:<br />
<br />
Reliable information has been received … that members of the US organization have purchased ammunition at one of the local gun shops. On 6/5/69, an individual identified as [name deleted] purchased 150 rounds of 9 MM ammunition, 100 rounds of .32 automatic ammunition, and 100 rounds of .38 special ammunition at a local gun shop. [Name deleted] was tentatively identified as the individual who was responsible for the shooting of BPP member [name deleted] in Los Angeles on or about 3/14/69. 26<br />
<br />
Despite this atmosphere of violence, FBI headquarters authorized the San Diego field office to compose an inflammatory letter over the forged signature of a San Diego BPP member and to send it to BPP headquarters in Oakland, California. 27 The letter complained of the killing of Panthers in San Diego by US members, and the fact that a local BPP leader had a white girlfriend. 28<br />
<br />
According to a BPP bulletin, two Panthers were wounded by US gunman on August 14,1969, and the next day another BPP member, Sylvester Bell, was killed in San Diego by US members. 29 On August 36, 1969, the San Diego office, of US was bombed. The FBI believed the BPP was responsible for the bombing. 30<br />
<br />
The San Diego office of the FBI viewed this carnage as a positive development and informed headquarters: “Efforts are being made to determine how this situation can be capitalized upon for the benefit of the Counterintelligence Program …. ” 31 The field office further noted:<br />
<br />
In view of the recent killing of BPP member Sylvester Bell, a new cartoon is being considered in the hopes that it will assist in the continuance of the rift between BPP and US. 32<br />
<br />
The San Diego FBI office pointed with pride to the continued violence between black groups:<br />
<br />
Shootings, beatings, and a, high degree of unrest continues to prevail in the ghetto area of southeast San Diego. Although no specific counterintelligence action can be credited with contributing to this overall situation, it is felt that a substantial amount of the unrest is directly attributable to this program. [Emphasis added.] 33<br />
<br />
In early September 1969, the San Diego field office informed headquarters that Karenga, the Los Angeles US leader, feared assassination by the BPP. 34 It received permission front headquarters to exploit this situation by sending Karenga a letter, purporting to be from a US member in San Diego, alluding to an article in the BPP newspaper criticizing Karenga and suggesting that he order reprisals against the Panthers. The Bureau memorandum which originally proposed the letter explained:<br />
<br />
The article, which is an attack on Ron Karenga of the US organization, is self-explanatory. It is felt that if the following letter be sent to Karenga, pointing out that the contents of the article are objectionable to members of the US organization in San Diego, the possibility exists that some sort of retaliatory action will be taken against the BPP . . . . 35<br />
<br />
FBI files do not indicate whether the letter, which was sent to Karenga by the San Diego office, was responsible for any violence.<br />
<br />
In January 1970, the San Diego office prepared a new series of counterintelligence cartoons attacking the BPP and forwarded them to FBI headquarters for approval. 36 The cartoons were composed to look like a product of the US organization.<br />
<br />
The purpose of the caricatures is to indicate to the BPP that the US Organization considers them to be ineffectual, inadequate, and [considers itself] vitally superior to the BPP. 37<br />
<br />
One of the caricatures was “designed to attack” the Los Angeles Panther leader as a bully toward women and children in the black community. Another accused the BPP of “actually instigating” a recent Los Angeles Police Department raid on US headquarters. A third cartoon depicted Karenga as an overpowering individual “who has the BPP completely at his mercy . . . .” 38<br />
<br />
On January 29, 1970, FBI headquarters approved distribution of these caricatures by FBI field offices in San Diego, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. The authorizing memorandum from headquarters stated:<br />
<br />
US Incorporated and the Black Panther Party are opposing black extremist organizations. Feuding between representatives of the two groups in the past had a tendency to limit the effectiveness of both. The leaders and incidents depicted in the caricatures are known to the general public, particularly among the Negroes living in the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles, San Diego and San Francisco.<br />
<br />
The leaders and members of both groups are distrusted by a large number of the citizen within the Negro communities. Distribution of caricatures is expected to strengthen this distrust. 39<br />
<br />
Bureau documents provided to the Select Committee do not indicate whether violence between BPP and US members followed the mailing of this third series of cartoons.<br />
<br />
In early May 1970, FBI Headquarters became aware of an article entitled “Karenga King of the Bloodsuckers” in the May 2, 1970, edition of the BPP newspaper which “vilifies and debases Karenga and the US organization.” 40 Two field offices received the following request from headquarters:<br />
<br />
[s]ubmit recommendation to Bureau . . . for exploitation of same under captioned program. Consider from two aspects, one against US and Karenga from obvious subject matter; the second against BPP because, inherent in article is admission by BPP that it has done nothing to retaliate against US for killing of Panther members attributed to US and Karenga, an admission that the BPP has been beaten at its own game of violence. 41<br />
<br />
In response to this request, the Special Agent in Charge in Los Angeles reported that the BPP newspaper article had already resulted in violence, but that it was difficult to induce BPP members to attack US members in Southern California because they feared US members. 42 The Los Angeles field office hoped, however, that “internecine struggle” might be triggered through a skillful use of informants within both groups:<br />
<br />
The Los Angeles Division is aware of the mutually hostile feelings harbored between the organizations and the first opportunity to capitalize on the situation will be maximized. It is intended that US Inc. will be appropriately and discretely advised of the time and location of BPP activities in order that the two organizations might be brought together and thus grant nature the opportunity to take her due course. [Emphasis added.] 43<br />
<br />
The release of Huey P. Newton, BPP Minister of Defense, from prison in August 1970 inspired yet another counterintelligence plan. An FBI agent learned from a prison official that Newton had told an inmate that a rival group had let a $3,000 contract on his life. The Los Angeles office presumed the group was US, and proposed that an anonymous letter be sent to David Hilliard, BPP Chief of Staff in Oakland, purporting to be from the person holding the contract on Newton’s life. The proposed letter warned Hilliard not to be around when the “unscheduled appointment” to kill Newton was kept, and cautioned Hilliard not to “got in my way.” 44<br />
<br />
FBI headquarters, however, denied authority to send the letter to Hilliard. Its concern was not that the letter might cause violence or that it was improper action by a law enforcement agency, but that the letter might violate a Federal statute:<br />
<br />
While Bureau appreciates obvious effort and interest exhibited concerning anonymous letter … studied analysis of same indicates implied threat therein may constitute extortion violation within investigative jurisdiction of Bureau or postal authorities and may subsequently be embarrassing to Bureau. 45<br />
<br />
The Bureau’s stated concern with legality was ironic in light of the activities described above.<br />
<br />
2. The Effort To Promote Violence Between the Blackstone Rangers and the Black Panther Party<br />
<br />
In late 1968 and early 1969, the FBI endeavored to pit the Blackstone Rangers, a heavily armed, violence-prone, organization, against the Black Panthers. 46 In December 1968, the FBI learned that the recognized leader of the Blackstone Rangers, Jeff Fort, was resisting Black Panther overtures to enlist “the support of the Blackstone Rangers.” 47 In order to increase the friction between these groups, the Bureau’s Chicago office proposed sending an anonymous letter to Fort, informing him that two prominent leaders of the Chicago BPP had been making disparaging remarks about his “lack of commitment to black people generally.” The field office observed:<br />
<br />
Fort is reportedly aware that such remarks have been circulated, but is not aware of the identities of the individual responsible. He has stated that he would “take care of” individuals responsible for the verbal attacks directed against him.<br />
<br />
Chicago, consequently, recommends that Fort be made aware that [name deleted] and [name deleted] together with other BPP members locally, are responsible for the circulation of these remarks concerning him. It is felt that if Fort were to be aware that the BPP was responsible, it would lend impetus to his refusal to accept any BPP overtures to the Rangers and additionally might result in Fort having active steps taken to exact some form of retribution toward the leadership of the BPP. [Emphasis added.] 48<br />
<br />
On about December 18, 1968, Jeff Fort and other Blackstone Rangers were involved in a serious confrontation with members of the Black Panther Party.<br />
<br />
During that day twelve members of the BPP and five known members of the Blackstone Rangers were arrested on Chicago’s South Side. 49 A report indicates that the Panthers and Rangers were arrested following the shooting of one of the Panthers by a Ranger. 49a<br />
<br />
That evening, according to an FBI informant, around 10:30 p.m., approximately thirty Panthers went to the Blackstone Rangerss’ headquarters at 6400 South Kimbark in Chicago. Upon their arrival Jeff Fort invited Fred Hampton, Bobby Rush and the other BPP members to come upstairs and meet with him and the Ranger leadership. 49b The Bureau goes on to describe what transpired at this meeting:<br />
<br />
. . . everyone went upstairs into a room which appeared to be a gymnasium, where Fort told Hampton and Rush that he had heard about the Panthers being in Ranger territory during the day, attempting to show their “power” and he wanted the Panthers to recognize the Rangers “power.” Source stated that Fort then gave orders, via walkie-talkie, whereupon two men marched through the door carrying pump shotguns. Another order and two men appeared carrying sawed off carbines then eight more, each carrying a .45 caliber machine gun, clip type, operated from the shoulder or hip, then others came with over and under type weapons. Source stated that after this procession Fort had all Rangers present, approximately 100, display their side arms and about one half had .45 caliber revolvers. Source advised that all the above weapons appeared to be new.<br />
<br />
Source advised they left the gym, went downstairs to another room where Rush and Hampton of the Panthers and Fort and two members of the Main 21 sat by a table and discussed the possibility of joining the two groups. Source related that Fort took off his jacket and was wearing a .45 caliber revolver shoulder holster with gun and had a small caliber weapon in his belt.<br />
<br />
Source advised that nothing was decided at the meeting about the two groups actually joining forces, however, a decision was made to meet again on Christmas Day. Source stated Fort did relate that the Rangers were behind the Panthers but were not to be considered members. Fort wanted the Panthers to join the Rangers and Hampton wanted the opposite, stating that if the Rangers joined the Panthers, then together they would be able to absorb all the other Chicago gangs. Source advised Hampton did state that they couldn’t let the man keep the two groups apart. Source advised that Fort also gave Hampton and Rush one of the above .45 caliber machine guns to “try out.”<br />
<br />
Source advised that based upon conversations during this meeting, Fort did not appear over anxious to join forces with the Panthers, however, neither did it appear that he wanted to terminate meeting for this purpose. 49c<br />
<br />
On December 26, 1968 Fort and Hampton met again to discuss the possibility of the Panthers and Rangers working together. This meeting was at a South Side Chicago bar and broke up after several Panthers and Rangers got into an argument. 49d On December 27, Hampton received a phone call at BPP Headquarters from Fort telling him that the BPP had until December 28, 1968 to join the Blackstone Rangers. Hampton told Fort he had until the same time for the Rangers to join the BPP and they hung up. 49e<br />
<br />
In the, wake of this incident, the Chicago office renewed its proposal to send a letter to Fort, informing FBI headquarters:<br />
<br />
As events have subsequently developed . . . the Rangers and the BPP have not only not been able to form any alliance, but enmity and distrust have arisen, to the point where each has been ordered to stay out of the other territory. The BPP has since decided to conduct no activity or attempt to do recruiting in Ranger territory. 50<br />
<br />
The proposed letter read:<br />
<br />
Brother Jeff:<br />
<br />
I’ve spent some time with some Panther friends on the west side lately and I know what’s been going on. The brothers that run the Panthers blame you for blocking their thing and there’s supposed to be a hit out for you. I’m not a Panther, or a Ranger, just black. From what I see these Panthers are out for themselves not black people. I think you ought to know what they’re up to, I know what I’d do if I was you. You might hear from me again.<br />
<br />
(sgd.) A black brother you don’t know. [Emphasis added.] 51<br />
<br />
The FBI’s Chicago office explained the purpose of the letter as follows:<br />
<br />
It is believed the above may intensify the degree of animosity between the two groups and occasion Forte to take retaliatory action which could disrupt the BPP or lead to reprisals against its leadership.<br />
<br />
Consideration has been given to a similar letter to the BPP alleging a Ranger plot against the BPP leadership; however, it is not felt this would be productive principally because the BPP at present is not believed as violence prone as the Rangers to whom violent type activity — shooting and the like — is second nature. 52<br />
<br />
On the evening of January 13, 1969, Fred Hampton and Bobby Rush appeared on a Chicago radio talk show called “Hot Line.” During the course of the program Hampton stated that the BPP was in the “process of educating the Blackstone Rangers.” 52a Shortly after that statement Jeff Fort was on the phone to the radio program and stated that Hampton had his facts confused and that the Rangers were educating the BPP. 52b<br />
<br />
Oil January 16, Hampton, in a public meeting, stated that Jeff Fort had threatened to blow his head off if he came within Ranger territory. 52c<br />
<br />
On January 30, 1969, Director Hoover authorized sending the anonymous letter. 53 While the Committee staff could find no evidence linking this letter to subsequent clashes between the Panthers and the Rangers, the Bureau’s intent was clear. 54<br />
<br />
B. The Effort To Disrupt the Black Panther Party by Promoting Internal Dissension<br />
<br />
1. General Efforts to Disrupt the Black Panther Party Membership<br />
<br />
In addition to setting rival groups against the Panthers, the FBI employed the full range of COINTELPRO techniques to create rifts and factions within the Party itself which it was believed would “neutralize” the Party’s effectiveness.”<br />
<br />
Anonymous letters were commonly used to sow mistrust. For example, in March 1969 the Chicago FBI Field Office learned that a local BPP member feared that a faction of the Party, allegedly led by Fred Hampton and Bobby Rush, was “out to get” him. 56 Headquarters approved sending an anonymous letter to Hampton which was drafted to exploit dissension within the BPP as well as to play on mistrust between the Blackstone Rangers and the Chicago BPP leadership:<br />
<br />
Brother Hampton:<br />
<br />
Just a word of warning. A Stone friend tells me [name deleted] wants the Panthers and is looking for somebody to get you out of the way. Brother Jeff is supposed to be interested. I’m just a black man looking for blacks working together, not more of this gang banging. 57<br />
<br />
Bureau documents indicate that during this time an informant within the BPP was also involved in maintaining the division between the Panthers and the Blackstone Rangers. 57a<br />
<br />
In December 1968, the Chicago FBI Field Office learned that a leader of a Chicago youth gang, the Mau Mau’s, planned to complain to the national BPP headquarters about the local BPP leadership and questioned its loyalty. 58 FBI headquarters approved an anonymous letter to the Mail Mau leader, stating:<br />
<br />
Brother [deleted] :<br />
<br />
I’m from the south side and have some Panther friends that know you and tell me what’s been going. I know those two [name deleted] and [name deleted] that run the Panthers for a long time and those mothers been with every black outfit going where it looked like they was something in it for them. The only black people they care about is themselves. I heard too they’re sweethearts and that [name deleted] has worked for the man that’s why he’s not in Viet Nam. Maybe that’s why they’re just playing like real Panthers. I hear a lot of the brothers are with you and want those mothers out but don’t know how. The Panthers need real black men for leaders not freaks. Don’t give up ‘brothers. [Emphasis added.] 59<br />
<br />
A black friend.<br />
<br />
The FBI also resorted to anonymous phone calls. The San Diego Field Office placed anonymous calls to local BPP leaders naming other BPP members as “police agents.” According to a report from the field office, these calls, reinforced by rumors spread by FBI informants within the BPP, induced a group of Panthers to accuse three Party members of working for the police. The field office boasted that one of the accused members fled San Diego in fear for his life. 60<br />
<br />
The FBI conducted harassing interviews of Black Panther members to intimidate them and drive them from the Party. The Los Angeles Field Office conducted a stringent interview program<br />
<br />
in the hope that a state of distruct [sic] might remain among the members and add to the turmoil presently going on within the BPP. 61<br />
<br />
The Los Angeles office claimed that similar tactics had cut the membership of the United States (US) by 50 percent. 62<br />
<br />
FBI agents attempted to convince landlords to force Black Panther members and offices from their buildings. The Indianapolis Field Office reported that a local landlord had yielded to its urgings and promised to tell his Black Panther tenants to relocate their offices. 63 The San Francisco office sent in article from the Black Panther newspaper to the landlord of a BPP member who had rented an apartment under an assumed name. The article, which had been written by that member and contained her picture and true name, was accompanied by an anonymous note stating, “(false name) is your tenant (true name)” 64 The San Francisco office secured the eviction of one Black Panther who lived in a public housing project by informing the Housing Authority officials that she was using his apartment for the BPP Free Breakfast Program. 65 When it was learned that the BPP was conducting a Free Breakfast Program “In the notorious Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco,” the Bureau mailed a letter to the owners of the building:<br />
<br />
Dear Mr. (excised):<br />
<br />
I would call and talk to you about this matter, but I am not sure how you feel, and I do not wish to become personally embroiled with neighbors. It seems that the property owners on (excised) Street have had enough trouble in the past without bringing in Black Panthers.<br />
<br />
Maybe you are not aware, but the Black Panthers have taken over (address deleted). Perhaps if you drive up the street, you can see what they are going to do to the property values. They have already plastered a nearby garage with big Black Panther posters.<br />
<br />
– A concerned property owner. 66<br />
<br />
The Bureau also attempted to undermine the morale of Panther members by attempting to break up their marriages. In one case, an anonymous letter was sent to the wife of a prominent Panther leader stating that her husband had been having affairs with several teenage girls and had taken some of those girls with him on trips. 67 Another Panther leader told a Committee staff member that an FBI agent had attempted to destroy his marriage by visiting his wife and showing photographs purporting to depict him with other women. 68<br />
<br />
2. FBI Role in the Newton-Cleaver Rift<br />
<br />
In March 1970, the FBI initiated a concerted program to drive a permanent wedge between the followers of Eldridge Cleaver, who was then out of the country and the supporters of Huey P. Newton, who was then serving a prison sentence in California. 69 An anonymous letter was sent to Cleaver in Algeria stating that BPP leaders in California were seeking to undercut his influence. The Bureau subsequently learned that Cleaver had assumed the letter was from the then Panther representative in Scandanavia, Connie Matthews, and that the letter had led Cleaver to expel three BPP international representatives from the Party. 70<br />
<br />
Encouraged by the apparent success of this letter, FBI headquarters instructed its Paris Legal Attache to mail a follow-up letter, again written to appear as if Matthews was the author, to the Black Panther Chief-of-Staff, David Hilliard, in Oakland, California. The letter alleged that Cleaver “has tripped out. Perhaps he has been working too hard,” and suggested that Hilliard “take some immediate action before this becomes more serious.” The Paris Legal Attache was instructed to mail the letter:<br />
<br />
At a time when Matthews is in or has just passed through Paris immediately following one of her trips to Algiers. The enclosed letter should be held by you until such an occasion arises at which time you are authorized to immediately mail it in Paris in such a manner that it cannot be traced to the Bureau. 71<br />
<br />
In early May, Eldridge Cleaver called BPP national headquarters from Algeria and talked with Connie Matthews, Elbert Howard, and Roosevelt Hilliard. A Bureau report stated:<br />
<br />
Various items were discussed by these individuals with Hilliard. Connie Matthews discussed with Hilliard “those letters” appearing to relate to the counterintelligence letters, which have been submitted to Cleaver and Hilliard purportedly by Matthews ….<br />
<br />
It appears … that [Elbert Howard] had brought copies of the second counterintelligence letter to David Hilliard with him to Algiers which were then compared with the … letter previously sent to Cleaver in Algiers and that … discussed this situation …. 72<br />
<br />
The San Francisco Field Office reported that some BPP leaders suspected that the CIA or FBI had sent the letters, while Others suspected the Black Panther members in Paris. A subsequent FBI memorandum indicated that suspicion had focused on the Panthers in Europe. 73<br />
<br />
On August 13 1970 — the day that Huey Newton was released from prison — the Philadelphia Field Office had an informant distribute a fictitious BPP directive to Philadelphia Panthers, questioning Newton’s leadership ability. 74 The Philadelphia office informed FBI Headquarters that the directive:<br />
<br />
stresses the leadership and strength of David Hilliard and Eldridge Cleaver while intimating Huey Newton is useful only as a drawing card.<br />
<br />
It is recommended this directive … be mailed personally to Huey Newton with a short anonymous note. The note would indicate the writer, a Community Worker in Philadelphia for the BPP, was incensed over the suggestion Huey was only being used by the Party after founding it, and wanted no part of this Chapter if it was slandering its leaders in private. 75<br />
<br />
Headquarters approved this plan on August 19,1970. 76<br />
<br />
FBI officials seized on several incidents during the following months as opportunities to advance their program. In an August 1970 edition of the BPP newspaper, Huey Newton appealed to “oppressed groups,” including homosexuals, to “unite with the BPP in revolutionary fashion.” 77 FBI headquarters approved a plan to mail forged letters from BPP sympathizers and supporters in ghetto areas to David Hilliard, protesting Newton’s statements about joining with homosexuals, hoping this would discredit Newton with other BPP leaders. 78<br />
<br />
In July and August 1970, Eldridge Cleaver led a United States delegation to North Korea and North Vietnam. Ramparts editor Robert Scheer, who had been a member of the delegation, held a press conference in New York and, according to the Bureau, glossed over the Panther’s role in sponsoring the tour. 79 The New York office was authorized to send an anonymous letter to Newton complaining about Sheer’s oversight to strain relations between the BPP and the “New Left.”‘80 On November 13, 1970, the Los Angeles field office was asked to prepare an anonymous letter to Cleaver criticizing Newton for not aggressively obtaining BPP press coverage of the BPP’s sponsorship of the trip. 81<br />
<br />
In October 1970, the FBI learned that Timothy Leary, who had escaped from a California prison where he was serving a sentence for possessing marijuana, was seeking asylum with Eldridge Cleaver in Algiers. The San Francisco field office, noting that the Panthers were officially opposed to drugs, sent Newton an anonymous letter calling his attention to Cleaver “playing footsie” with Leary. 82 In January when Cleaver publicly condemned Leary, FBI headquarters approved sending Newton a bogus letter from a Berkeley, California commune condemning Cleaver for “divorcing the BPP from white revolutionaries.” 83<br />
<br />
In December 1970, the BPP attempted to hold a Revolutionary Peoples’ Constitutional Convention (RPCC) in Washington, D.C. The Bureau considered the convention a failure and received reports that most delegates had left it dissatisfied. 84 The Los Angeles FBI field office suggested a letter to Cleaver designed to<br />
<br />
provoke Cleaver to openly question Newton’s leadership … It is felt that distance and lack of personal contact between Newton and Cleaver do offer a counterintelligence opportunity that should be probed.<br />
<br />
In view of the BPP’s unsuccessful attempt to convene a Revolutionary People’s Constitutional Convention (RPCC), it is suggested that each division which had individuals attend the RPCC write numerous letters to Cleaver criticizing Newton for his lack of leadership. It is felt that, if Cleaver received a sufficient number of complaints regarding Newton it might . . . create dissension that later could be more fully exploited. 85<br />
<br />
FBI headquarters approved the Los Angeles letter to Cleaver and asked the Washington field office to supply a list of all organizations attending the RPCC. 86 A barrage of anonymous letters to Newton and Cleaver followed:<br />
<br />
Two weeks later, the San Francisco office mailed Newton an anonymous letter, supposedly from a “white revolutionary,” complaining about the incompetence of the Panthers who had planned the conference. 86a The New York office mailed a complaint to the BPP national headquarters, purportedly from a black student at Columbia University who attended the RPCC as a member of the University’s student Afro-American Society. 86b The San Francisco office sent a letter containing an article from the Berkeley Barb to Cleaver, attacking Newton’s leadership at the RPCC. Mailed with the article was a copy of a letter to Newton criticizing the RPCC and bearing the notation:<br />
<br />
Mr. Cleaver,<br />
<br />
Here is a letter I sent to Huey Newton. I’m sincere and hope you can do something to set him right and get him off his duff. 86c<br />
<br />
In January 1971, the Boston office sent a letter, purportedly from a “white revolutionary,” to Cleaver, stating in part:<br />
<br />
Dear Revolutionary Comrade:<br />
<br />
The people’s revolution in America was greatly impeded and the stature of th Black Panther Party, both nationally and internationally, received a major setback as an outcome of the recent Revolutionary People’s Constitutional Convention. . . .<br />
<br />
The Revolutionary People’s Constitutional Convention did little, if anything, to organize our forces to move against the evils of capitalism, imperialism and racism. Any unity or solidarity which existed between the Black Panther Party and the white revolutionary movement before the Convention has now gone down the tube. . . .<br />
<br />
The responsibility of any undertaking as meaningful and important to the revolution . . . should not have been delegated to the haphazard ways of [name deleted] whose title of Convention Coordinator . . . places him in the . . . position of receiving the Party’s wrath . . . Huey Newton himself (should) have assumed command . . . .<br />
<br />
The Black Panther Party has failed miserably. No longer can the Party be looked upon as the “Vanguard of the Revolution.”<br />
<br />
Yours in Revolution,<br />
<br />
Lawrence Thomas,<br />
<br />
Students for a Democratic Society.<br />
<br />
Memorandum from Boston Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/8/71. This letter was sent to Cleaver through Oakland BPP headquarters to determine whether the BPP in California would forward the letter to him. (Ibid.)<br />
<br />
One letter to Cleaver, written to appear as if it had come from Connie Matthews, Newton’s personal secretary read in part:<br />
<br />
Things around headquarters are dreadfully disorganized with the comrade commander not making proper decisions. The newspaper is in a shambles. No one knows who is in charge. The foreign department gets no support . . . I fear there is rebellion working just beneath the surface . . . .<br />
<br />
We must either get rid of the Supreme Commander [Newton] or get rid of the disloyal members. 87<br />
<br />
In a January 28, 1971, evaluation, FBI headquarters noted that Huey Newton had recently disciplined high BPP officials and that he prepared “to respond violently to any question of his actions or policies.” The Bureau believed that Newton’s reaction was in part a “result of our counterintelligence projects now in operation.”<br />
<br />
The present chaotic situation within the BPP must be exploited and recipients must maintain the present high level of counterintelligence activity. You should each give this matter priority attention and immediately furnish Bureau recommendations . . . designed to further aggravate the dissention within BPP leadership and to fan the apparent distrust by Newton of anyone who questions his wishes. 88<br />
<br />
The campaign was intensified. On February 2, 1971, FBI headquarters directed each of 29 field offices to submit within eight days a proposal to disrupt local BPP chapters and a proposal to cause dissention between local BPP chapters and BPP national headquarters. The directive noted that Huey Newton had recently expelled or disciplined several “dedicated Panthers” and<br />
<br />
This dissention coupled with financial difficulties offers an exceptional opportunity to further disrupt, aggravate and possibly neutralize this organization through counterintelligence. In light of above developments this program has been intensified … and selected offices should … increase measurably the pressure on the BPP and its leaders. 89<br />
<br />
A barrage of anonymous letters flowed from FBI field offices in response to the urgings from FBI headquarters. A fictitious letter to Cleaver, signed by the “New York 21,” criticized Newton’s leadership and his expulsion of them from the BPP. 90 An imaginary New York City member of the Youth Against War and Facism added his voice to the Bureau’s fictitious chorus of critics of Newton and the RPCC. 91 An anonymous letter was sent to Huey Newton’s brother, Melvin Newton, warning that followers of Eldridge Cleaver and the New York BPP chapter were planning to have him killed. 92 The FBI learned that Melvin Newton told his brother he thought the letter had been written by someone “on the inside” of the BPP organization because of its specificity. 93 Huey Newton reportedly remarked that he was “definitely of the opinion there is an informer in the party right in the ministry.” 93a<br />
<br />
On February 19, 1971, a false letter, allegedly from a BPP official in Oakland, was mailed to Don Cox, a BPP official close to Cleaver in Algeria. The letter intimated that the recent death of a BPP member in California was the result of BPP factionalism (which the Bureau knew was not the case.) The letter also warned Cleaver not to allow his wife, Kathleen, to travel to the United States because of the possibility of violence. 94<br />
<br />
A letter over the forged signature of “Big Man” Howard, editor of the BPP newspaper, told Cleaver:<br />
<br />
Eldridge:<br />
<br />
[Name deleted] told me Huey talked with you Friday and what he had to say. I’m disgusted with things here and the fact that you are being ignored…. It makes me mad to learn that Huey now has to lie to you. I’m referring to his fancy apartment which he refers to as the throne. . . .<br />
<br />
I can’t risk a call as it would mean certain expulsion. You should think a great deal before sending Kathleen. If I could talk to you I could tell you why I don’t think you should. 95<br />
<br />
The San Francisco office reported to headquarters that because of the various covert actions instituted against Cleaver and Newton since November 11, 1970:<br />
<br />
fortunes of the BPP are at a low ebb…. Newton is positive there is an informant in Headquarters. Cleaver feels isolated in Algeria and out of contact, with Newton and the Supreme Commander’s [Newton's] secretary (Connie Matthews) has disappeared and been denounced. 96<br />
<br />
On April 8, 1976 in Executive Testimony Kathleen Cleaver testified that many letters, written to appear as if they had come from BPP members living in California caused disruption and confusion in the relationship between the Algerian Section and the BPP leadership in Oakland. She stated:<br />
<br />
We did not know who to believe about what, so the general effect, not only of the letters but the whole situation in which the letters were part was creating uncertainty. It was a very bizarre feeling. 96a<br />
<br />
On February 26, 1971, Eldridge Cleaver, in a television interview, criticized the expulsion of BPP members and suggested that Panther Chief of Staff David Hilliard be removed from his post. As a result of Cleaver’s statements, Newton expelled him and the “Intercommunal Section of the Party” in Algiers, Algeria. 97<br />
<br />
On March 25, 1971, the Bureau’s San Francisco office sent to various BPP “Solidarity Committees*’ throughout Europe bogus letters on “fascsimiles of BPP letterhead,” stating:<br />
<br />
To Black Panther Embassies,<br />
<br />
You have received copies of February 13, 1971 issue of The Black Panther declaring [three BPP members] as enemies of the People.<br />
<br />
The Supreme Servant of the People, Huey P. Newton, with concurrence of the Central Committee of the Black Panther Party, has ordered the expulsion of the entire Intercommunal Section of the Party at Algiers. You are advised that Eldridge Leroy Cleaver is a murderer and a punk without genitals. D.C. Cox is no better.<br />
<br />
Leroy’s running dogs in New York have been righteously dealt with. Anyone giving any aid or comfort to Cleaver and his jackanapes will be similarly dealt with no matter where they may be located.<br />
<br />
[Three BPP international representatives, names deleted] were never members of the Black Panther Party and will never become such.<br />
<br />
Immediately report to the Supreme Commander any attempts of these elements to contact you and be guided by the above instructions.<br />
<br />
Power to the People<br />
<br />
David Hilliard, Chief of Staff<br />
<br />
For Huey P. Newton<br />
<br />
Supreme Commander. 98<br />
<br />
On the same day, FBI headquarters formally declared its counterintelligence program aimed at “aggravating dissension” between Newton and Cleaver a success. A letter to the Chicago and San Francisco Field Offices stated:<br />
<br />
Since the differences between Newton and Cleaver now appear to be irreconcilable, no further counterintelligence activity in this regard will be undertaken at this time and now new targets must be established.<br />
<br />
David Hilliard and Elbert “Big Man” Howard of National Headquarters and Bob Rush of Chicago BPP Chapter are likely future targets….<br />
<br />
Hilliard’s key position at National Headquarters makes him an outstanding target.<br />
<br />
Howard and Rush are also key Panther functionaries; and since it was necessary for them to affirm their loyalty to Newton in “The Black Panther” newspaper of 3/20/71, they must be under a certain amount of suspicion already, making them prime targets.<br />
<br />
San Francisco and Chicago furnish the Bureau their comments and recommendations concerning counterintelligence activity designed to cause Newton to expel Hilliard, Howard and Rush. 99<br />
<br />
C. Covert Efforts To Undermine Support of the Black Panther Party and to Destroy the Party’s Public Image<br />
<br />
1. Efforts To Discourage and To Discredit Supporters of the Black Panthers<br />
<br />
The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s program to “neutralize” the Black Panther Party included attempts to deter individuals and groups from supporting the Panthers and, when that could not be accomplished, often extended to covert action targeted against those supporters.<br />
<br />
The Bureau made a series of progressively more severe efforts to destroy the confidence between the Panthers and one of their major California supporters, Donald Freed, a writer who headed an organization of white BPP sympathizers called “Friends of the Panthers.” In July 1969, the Los Angeles Field Office sent the local BPP office a memorandum bearing Freed’s name and address to “Friends of the Panthers.” Written in a condescending tone and including a list of six precautions whites should keep in mind when dealing with Panthers, the memorandum was calculated to cause a “rift between the Black Panther Party and their assisting organizations.” 100 A few days later, the Bureau had leaflets placed in a park near a BPP-sponsored national conference in Oakland, California, alleging that Freed was a police informant. 101<br />
<br />
The FBI viewed with favor an intensive local investigation of Freed for “harboring” and “possession of illegal firearms.”<br />
<br />
It is felt that any prosecution or exposure of either Freed or [name deleted] will severely hurt the BPP. Any exposure will not only deny the Panthers money, but additionally, would cause other white supporters of the BPP to withdraw their support. It is felt that the Los Angeles chapter of the BPP could not operate without the financial support of white sympathizers. 102<br />
<br />
The Bureau’s Los Angeles Division also arranged for minutes of a BPP support group to be provided to the BPP when it was learned that statements of members of the support group were critical of Panther leaders. 103<br />
<br />
The FBI attempted to disaffect another BPP supporter, Ed Pearl of the Peace and Freedom Party, by sending him a cautionary letter bearing a fictitious signature. A Bureau memorandum describing the letter says:<br />
<br />
The writer states that although he is not a member of the BPP, he is a Mexican who is trusted by BPP members. The writer advises that he has learned from BPP members that certain whites in the PFP who get in the way of the Panthers will be dealt with in a violent manner. The object sought in this letter is to cause a breach between the PFP and the BPP. The former organization had been furnishing money and support to the latter. 104<br />
<br />
Famous entertainment personalities who spoke in favor of Panther goals or associated with BPP members became the targets of FBI programs. When the FBI learned that one well-known Hollywood actress had become pregnant during in affair with a BPP member, it reported this information to a famous Hollywood gossip columnist in the form of an anonymous letter. The story was used by the Hollywood columnist. 105 In June 1970, FBI headquarters approved an anonymous letter informing Hollywood gossip columnist, Army Archerd that actress Jane Fonda had appeared at a BPP fund-raising function, noting that “It can be expected that Fonda’s involvement with the BPP cause could detract from her status with the general public if reported in a Hollywood ‘gossip column.’” 106 The wife of a famous Hollywood actor was targeted by the FBI when it discovered that she was a financial contributor and supporter of the BPP in Los Angeles. 107 A caricature attacking her was prepared by the San Diego FBI office. 108<br />
<br />
A famous entertainer was also targeted after the Bureau concluded that he supported the Panthers. Two COINTELPRO actions against this individual were approved because FBI headquarters “believed” they:<br />
<br />
would be an effective means of combating BPP fund-raising activities among liberal and naive individuals. 109<br />
<br />
The Bureau also contacted the employers of BPP contributors. It sent a letter to the President and a Vice-President of Union Carbide in January 1970 after learning that a production manager in its San Diego division contributed to the BPP. The letter, which centered around a threat not to purchase Union Carbide stock, stated in part:<br />
<br />
Dear Mr. [name deleted]:<br />
<br />
I am writing to you in regards to an employee in your San Diego operation, [name deleted]. . . .<br />
<br />
I am not generally considered a flag-waving exhibitionist, but I do regard myself as being a loyal American citizen. I, therefore, consider it absolutely ludicrous to invest in any corporation whose ranking employees support, assist, and encourage any organization which openly advocates the violent overthrow of our free enterprise system.<br />
<br />
It is because of my firm belief in this self-same free enterprise, capitalistic system that I feel morally obligated to bring this situation to your attention.<br />
<br />
Sincerely yours,<br />
<br />
T. F. Ellis<br />
<br />
Post Office Box —<br />
<br />
San Diego, California 110<br />
<br />
The response of Union Carbide’s Vice President was reported in a San Diego Field Office memorandum:<br />
<br />
On 3/21/70, a letter was received from Mr. [name deleted], Vice President of the Union Carbide Corporation, concernIng a previously Bureau-approved letter sent to the Union Carbide Corporation objecting to the financial and other support to the BPP of one of their employees, [name deleted]. The letter indicated that Union Carbide has always made it a policy not to become involved in personal matters of their employees unless such activity had an adverse affect upon that particular employee’s performance. 111<br />
<br />
One of the Bureau’s prime targets was the BPP’s free “Breakfast for Children” program, which FBI headquarters feared might be a potentially successful effort by the BPP to teach children to hate police and to spread “anti-white propaganda.” 112 In an admitted attempt “to impede their contributions to the BPP Breakfast Program,” the FBI sent anonymous letters and copies of an inflammatory Black Panther Coloring Book for children to contributors, including Safeway Stores, Inc., Mayfair Markets, and the Jack-In-The-Box Corporation. 113<br />
<br />
On April 8, 1976 in Executive Testimony a former member of the BPP Central Steering Committee stated that when the coloring book came to the attention of the Panther’s national leadership, Bobby Seale ordered it destroyed because the book “did not correctly reflect the ideology of the Black Panther Party . . .” 114<br />
<br />
Churches that permitted the Panthers to use their facilities in the free breakfast program were also targeted. When the FBI’s San Diego office discovered that a Catholic Priest, Father Frank Curran, was permitting his church in San Diego to be used as a serving place for the BPP Breakfast Program, it sent an anonymous letter to the Bishop of the San Diego Diocese informing him of the priest’s activities. 115 In August 1969, the San Diego Field Office requested permission from headquarters to place three telephone calls protesting Father Curran’s support of the BPP program to the Auxiliary Bishop of the San Diego Diocese:<br />
<br />
All of the above calls will be made from “parishioners” objecting to the use of their church to assist a black militant cause. Two of the callers will urge that Father Curran be removed as Pastor of the church, and one will threaten suspension of financial support of the church if the activities of the Pastor are allowed to continue..<br />
<br />
Fictitious names will be utilized in the event a name is requested by the Bishop. It is felt that complaints, if they do not effect the, removal of Father Curran . . . will at least result in Father Curran becoming aware that his Bishop is cognizant of his activities and will thus result in a curtailment of these activities. 116<br />
<br />
After receiving permission and placing the calls, the San Diego office reported: “the Bishop appeared to be . . . quite concerned over the fact that one of his Priests was deeply involved in utilization of church facilities for this purpose. 117<br />
<br />
A month later, the San Diego office reported that Father Curran had been transferred from the San Diego Diocese to “somewhere in the State of New Mexico for permanent assignment.”<br />
<br />
In view of the above, it would appear that Father Curran has now been completely neutralized.<br />
<br />
The BPP Breakfast Program, without the prompting of Father Curran, has not been renewed in the San Diego area. It is not anticipated at this time that any efforts to re-establish the program will be made in the foreseeable future. 118<br />
<br />
In another case, the FBI sent a letter to the superior of a clergyman in Hartford, Connecticut who had expressed support for the Nlack Panthers, which stated in part:<br />
<br />
Dear BISHOP:<br />
<br />
It pains me to have to write this letter to call to your attention a matter which, if brought to public light, may cause the church a great deal of embarrassment. I wish to remain anonymous with regard to the information because in divulging it I may have violated a trust. I feel, however, that what I am writing is important enough that my conscience is clear.<br />
<br />
Specifically, I’m referring to the fact that Reverend and Mrs. [name deleted] are associating with leaders of the Black Panther Party. I recently heard through a close friend of Reverend [name deleted] that he is a revolutionist who advocates overthrowing the Government of the United States and that he has turned over a sizable sum of money to the Panthers. I can present no evidence of fact but is it possible Reverend [name deleted] is being influenced by Communists? Some statements he has made both in church and out have led me to believe he is either a Communist himself, or so left-wing that the only thing he lacks is a card.<br />
<br />
I beseech you to counsel with Reverend [name deleted] and relay our concern over his political philosophies which among other things involves association with a known revolutionist, [name deleted], head of the Black Panther Party in New Haven. I truly believe Reverend [name deleted] to be a good man, but his fellow men have caused him to go overboard and he now needs a guiding light which only you can provide.<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
A Concerned Christian. 119<br />
<br />
Anonymous FBI mailings were also sent to public officials and persons whose help might sway public opinion against the BPP. In December 1969, the FBI mailed Bureau-reproduced copies of BPP “Seasons Greetings” cards to ten FBI field offices 120 with the following instructions:<br />
<br />
Enclosed for each office are 20 copies of reproductions of three types of Black Panther Party (BPP) “seasons greetings cards” which depict the violent propensities of this organization. You should anonymously mail these cards to those newspaper editors, public officials, responsible businessmen, and clergy in your territory who should be made aware of the vicious nature of the BPP. 121<br />
<br />
The San Francisco office mailed its cards to several prominent local persons and organizations. 122<br />
<br />
The Bureau also targeted attorneys representing Black Panther members. In July 1969, the Los Angeles Field Office suggested that a break between the BPP membership and Charles Garry, an attorney who frequently represented BPP members, might be accomplished by planting a rumor that Garry, Bobby Seale, and David Hilliard were conspiring to keep BPP leader Huey Newton in jail. 123 This proposal was rejected by FBI headquarters out of concern that the Bureau might be recognized as the source of the rumor. 124 Headquarters did suggest, however:<br />
<br />
Los Angeles should review the ideas set forth … especially as they pertain to Charles Garry, Bobby Seale, and David Hilliard, and prepare a specific counterintelligence proposal designed to create a breach between the BPP and Garry. Consider such things as anonymous communications and anonymous telephone calls as well as cartoons and other logical methods of transporting your idea. 125<br />
<br />
When the San Francisco Division learned that Garry intended to represent Bobby Seale at the Chicago 7 trial, it sent the Chicago office transcripts of hearings before the House Committee on Un-American Activities and the California State Senate’s Report on Un-American Activities, which allegedly showed that Garry was connected with the Communist Party. It was intended to distribute this material “to cooperative news media in that City.” 126<br />
<br />
Similarly, when two local BPP leaders filed suit against the San Diego Police Department charging harassment, illegal arrest, and illegal searches, the San Diego Field Office reviewed its files<br />
<br />
to determine if any public source information is available which describes [the attorney's] activities in behalf of CP (Communist Party) activities. If so, an appropriate request will be forwarded to the Bureau concerning a possible letter to the editor and/or an editorial. 127<br />
<br />
The FBI also sought to destroy community support for individual BPP members by spreading rumors that they were immoral. This idea was originally advanced in an August 1967 memorandum from FBI headquarters to all major field offices:<br />
<br />
Many individuals currently active in black nationalist organizations have backgrounds in immorality, subversive activity, and criminal records. Through your investigation of key agitators, you should endeavor to establish their unsavory backgrounds. Be alert to determine evidence of misappropriation of funds or other types of personal misconduct on the part of militant nationalist leaders so any practical or warranted counterintelligence may be instituted. 128<br />
<br />
An example of “successful” implementation of this program was a 1970 report from the San Diego Field Office that it had anonymously informed the parents of a teenage girl that she was pregnant by a local Panther leader:<br />
<br />
The parents showed extreme concern over a previously unknown situation and [name deleted] was forced to resign from the BPP and return home to live. It also became general knowledge throughout the Negro community that a BPP leader was responsible for the difficulty being experienced by [name deleted]. 129<br />
<br />
The field office also considered the operation successful because the mother of another girl questioned the activities of her own daughter after talking with the parent the agents had anonymously contacted. She learned that her daughter, a BPP member, was also pregnant, and had her committed to a reformatory as a wayward juvenile. 130<br />
<br />
Efforts To Promote Criticism of the Black Panthers in the Mass Media and To Prevent the Black Panther Party and Its Sympathizers from Expressing Their Views<br />
<br />
The FBI’s program to destroy the Black Panther Party included a concerted effort to muzzle Black Panther publications to prevent Panther members and persons sympathetic to their aims from expressing their views, and to encourage the mass media to report stories unfavorable to the Panthers.<br />
<br />
In May 1970, FBI headquarters ordered the Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, New Haven, New York, San Diego, and San Francisco field offices to advance proposals for crippling the BPP newspaper, The Black Panther. Immediate action was deemed necessary because:<br />
<br />
The Black Panther Party newspaper is one of the most effective propaganda operations of the BPP.<br />
<br />
Distribution of this newspaper is increasing at a regular rate thereby influencing a greater number of individuals in the United States along the black extremist lines.<br />
<br />
Each recipient submit by 6/5/70 proposed counterintelligence measures which will hinder the vicious propaganda being spread by the BPP.<br />
<br />
The BPP newspaper has a circulation in excess of 100,000 and has reached the height of 139,000. It is the voice of the BPP and if it could be effectively hindered it would result in helping to cripple the BPP. Deadline being set in view of the need to receive recommendations for the purpose of taking appropriate action expeditiously. 131<br />
<br />
The San Francisco Field Office submitted an analysis of the local Black Panther printing schedules and circulation. It discouraged disruption of nationwide distribution because the airline company which had contracted with the Panthers might lose business or face a law suit and recommended instead:<br />
<br />
a vigorous inquiry by the Internal Revenue Service to have “The Black Panther” report their income from the sale of over 100,000 papers each week. Perhaps the Bureau through liaison at SOG [seat of government] could suggest such a course of action. It is noted that Internal Revenue Service at San Francisco is receiving copies of Black Panther Party funds and letterhead memoranda.<br />
<br />
It is requested that the Bureau give consideration to discussion with Internal Revenue Service requesting financial records and income tax return for “The Black Panther.” 132<br />
<br />
The San Diego Field Office, while noting that the BPP newspaper had the same legal immunity from tax laws and other state legislation as other newspapers, suggested three California statutes which might be used against The Black Panther. One was a State tax on printing equipment; the second a “rarely used transportation tax law”; and the third a law prohibiting business in a residential area. 133<br />
<br />
The San Diego Field Office had a more imaginative suggestion however; spray the newspaper printing room with a foul smelling chemical:<br />
<br />
The Bureau may also wish to consider the utilization of “Skatol”, which is a chemical agent in powdered form and when applied to a particular surface emits an extremely noxious odor rendering the, premises surrounding the point of application uninhabitable. Utilization of such a chemical of course, would be dependent upon whether an entry could be achieved into the area which is utilized for the production of “The Black Panther.” 134<br />
<br />
The San Diego Division also thought that threats from another radical organization against the newspaper might convince the BPP to cease publication:<br />
<br />
Another possibility which the Bureau may wish to consider would be the composition and mailing of numerous letters to BPP Headquarters from various points throughout the country on stationary [sic] containing the national emblem of the Minutemen organization. These letters, in several different forms, would all have the common theme of warning the Black Panthers to cease publication or drastic measures would be taken by the Minutemen organization….<br />
<br />
Utilization of the Minutemen organization through direction of informants within that group would also be a very effective measure for the disruption of the publication of this newspaper. 135<br />
<br />
On another occasion, however, FBI agents contacted United Airlines officials and inquired about the rates being charged for transporting the Black Panther magazine. A Bureau memorandum states that the BPP was being charged “the General Rate” for printed material, but that in the future it would be forced to pay the “full legal rate allowable for newspaper shipment.” The memorandum continued:<br />
<br />
Officials advise this increase . . . means approximately a forty percent increase. Officials agree to determine consignor in San Francisco and from this determine consignees throughout the United States so that it can impose full legal tariff. They believe the airlines are due the differences in freight tariffs as noted above for past six to eight months, and are considering discussions with their legal staff concerning suit for recovery of deficit. . . . (T)hey estimate that in New York alone will exceed ten thousand dollars. 136<br />
<br />
In August 1970, the New York Field Office reported that it was considering plans:<br />
<br />
directed against (1) the production of the BPP newspaper; (2) the distribution of that newspaper and (3) the use of information contained in particular issues for topical counterintelligence proposals.<br />
<br />
The NYO [New York Office] realizes the financial benefits coming to the BPP through the sale of their newspaper. Continued efforts will be made to derive logical and practical plans to thwart this crucial BPP operation. 137<br />
<br />
A few months later, FBI headquarters directed 39 field offices to distribute copies of a column written by Victor Riesel, a labor columnist, calling for a nationwide union boycott against handling the BPP newspaper.<br />
<br />
Enclosed for each office are 50 reproductions of a column written by Victor Riesel regarding the Black Panther Party (BPP).<br />
<br />
Portions of the column deals with proposal that union members refuse to handle shipments of BPP newspapers. Obviously if such a boycott gains national support it will result in effectively cutting off BPP propaganda and finances, therefore, it is most desirable this proposal be brought to attention of members and officials of unions such as Teamsters and others involved in handling of shipments of BPP newspapers. These shipments are generally by air freight. The column also deals with repeated calls for murder of police that appear in BPP paper; therefore, it would also be desirable to bring boycott proposal to attention of members and officials of police associations who might be in a position to encourage boycott.<br />
<br />
Each office anonymously mail copies of enclosed to officials of appropriate unions, police organizations or other individuals within its territory who could encourage such a boycott….<br />
<br />
Handle promptly and advise Bureau of any positive results noted. Any publicity observed concerning proposed boycott should be brought to attention of Bureau.<br />
<br />
Be alert for any other opportunities to further exploit this proposal. 138<br />
<br />
Bureau documents submitted to the Select Committee staff do not indicate the outcome of this plan.<br />
<br />
On one occasion the FBI’s Racial Intelligence Section concocted a scheme to create friction between the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam by reducing sales of the NOI paper, Muhammed Speaks:<br />
<br />
While both papers advocate white hate, a noticeable loss of revenue to NOIT due to decreased sales of their paper caused by the BPP might well be the spark to ignite the fuel of conflict between the two organizations. Both are extremely money conscious.<br />
<br />
We feel that our network of racial informants, many of whom are directly involved in the sale of the NOI and BPP newspapers, are in a position to cause a material reduction in NOI newspaper sales. Our sources can bring the fact of revenue loss directly to NOI leader, Elijah Muhammad, who might well be influenced to take positive steps to counteract the sale of BPP papers in the Negro community. We feel that with careful planning and close supervision an open dispute can be developed between the two organizations. 139<br />
<br />
FBI headquarters promptly forwarded this suggestion to the field offices in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco with the express hope that Elijah Muhammed might be influenced “to take positive steps to counteract the sale of BPP newspapers in the Negro community.” 140 The following month, the Chicago Field Office advised against using informants for this project because animosity was already developing between the BPP and NOI, and any revelation of a Bureau attempt to encourage conflict might serve to bring the BPP and NOI closer together. 141<br />
<br />
Numerous attempts were made to prevent Black Panthers from airing their views in public. For example, in February 1969, the FBI joined with the Chicago police force to prevent the local BPP leader, Fred Hampton, from appearing on a television talk show. The FBI memorandum explaining this incident states:<br />
<br />
the [informant] also enabled Chicago to further harass the local BPP when he provided information the afternoon of 1/24/69 reflecting that Fred Hampton was to appear that evening at local TV studio for video tape interview. . . . The tape was to be aired the following day.<br />
<br />
Chicago was aware a warrant for mob action was outstanding for Hampton in his home town and the above information . . . was provided the Maywood Police Department with a suggestion that they request the Chicago Police Department to serve this arrest warrant. This was subsequently done with Hampton arrested at television studio in presence of 25 BPP members and studio personnel. This caused considerable embarrassment to the local BPP and disrupted the plans for Hampton’s television appearance. 142<br />
<br />
Headquarters congratulated the Chicago Field Office on the timing of the arrest “under circumstances which proved highly embarrassing to the BPP.” 143<br />
<br />
The Bureau’s San Francisco office took credit for preventing Bobby Seale from keeping a number of speaking engagements in Oregon and Washington. In May 1969, while Seale was traveling from a speaking engagement at Yale University to begin his West Coast tour, a bombing took place in Eugene, Oregon which the FBI suspected involved the Black Panthers. The San Francisco Field Office subsequently reported:<br />
<br />
As this was on the eve of Seale’s speech, this seemed to be very poor advance publicity for Seale. . . . It was . . . determined to telephone Mrs. Seale [Bobby Seale's mother] claiming to be a friend from Oregon, bearing the warning that it might be dangerous for Seale to come up. This was done.<br />
<br />
Shortly thereafter, Mrs. Seale reported this to BPP headquarters, claiming an unknown brother had sent a warning to Bobby front Oregon. Headquarters took this very seriously and when Bobby arrived shortly thereafter, he decided not to go north with “all the action going on up there.” He subsequently cancelled a trip to Seattle. It is believed that the above mentioned telephone call was a pivotal point in persuading Seale to stay home. 144<br />
<br />
The San Francisco office reported that not only had Seale been prevented from making his appearances, but that he had lost over $1,700 in “badly needed” fees and that relations between Seale and “New Left” leaders who had been scheduled to appear with him had become strained.<br />
<br />
In December 1969, FBI headquarters stressed to the San Francisco Field Office the need to prevent Black Panther speaking engagements:<br />
<br />
Several recent communications received at the Bureau indicate tile BPP is encouraging their branches to set up speaking engagements at schools and colleges and the showing of films in order to raise money . . . San Francisco should instruct [local FBI] office covering to immediately submit to the Bureau for approval a counterintelligence proposal aimed at preventing the activities scheduled. . . .<br />
<br />
The BPP in an effort to bolster its weak financial position is now soliciting speaking engagements and information has been developed indicating they are reducing their monetary requirements for such speeches. We have been successful in the past through contacts with established sources in preventing such speeches in colleges or other institutions. 145<br />
<br />
In March 1970, a representative of a Jewish organization contacted the San Francisco FBI Field Office when it learned that one of its local lodges had invited David Hilliard, BPP Chief-of-Staff, and Attorney Charles Garry to speak. San Francisco subsequently reported to headquarters:<br />
<br />
Public source information relating to David Hilliard, Garry, and the BPP, including “The Black Panther” newspaper itself, was brought to<br />
<br />
[/source]<br />
<br />
attention. He subsequently notified the [FBI] office that the [name deleted] had altered their arrangements for this speech and that the invitation to Hilliard was withdrawn but that Charles Garry was permitted to speak but his speech was confined solely to the recent case of the Chicago 7. 146<br />
<br />
 <br />
<br />
The FBI exhibited comparable fervor in disseminating information unfavorable to the Black Panthers to the press and television stations. A directive from FBI headquarters to nine field offices in January 1970 explained the program:<br />
<br />
To counteract any favorable support in publicity to the Black Panther Party (BPP) recipient offices are requested to submit their observations and recommendations regarding contacts with established and reliable sources in the television and/or radio field who might be interested in drawing up a program for local consumption depicting the true facts regarding the BPP.<br />
<br />
The suggested program would deal mainly with local BPP activities and data furnished would be of a public source nature. This data could be implemented by information on tile BPP nationally if needed. . . .<br />
<br />
All offices should give this matter their prompt consideration and submit replies by letter. 147<br />
<br />
Soon afterward, the Los Angeles office identified two local news reporters whom it believed might be willing to help in the effort to discredit the BPP and received permission to<br />
<br />
discreetly contact [name deleted] for the purpose of ascertaining his amenability to the preparation of a program which would present the true facts about the Black Panther Party as part of a counterintelligence effort. 148<br />
<br />
Headquarters also suggested information and materials to give to a local newsman who expressed an interest in airing a series of prograins against the Panthers. 149<br />
<br />
In July 1970, the FBI furnished information to a Los Angeles TV news commentator who agreed to air a series of shows against the BPP, “especially in the area of white liberals contributing to the BPP.” 150 In October, the Los Angeles Division sent headquarters a copy of an FBI-assisted television editorial and reported that another newsman was preparing yet another editorial attack on the Panthers. 151<br />
<br />
In November 1970, the San Francisco Field Office notified the Director that Huey Newton had “recently rented a luxurious lakeshore apartment in Oakland, California.” The San Francisco office saw “potential counterintelligence value” in this information since this apartment was far more elegant than “the ghetto-like BPP ‘pads’ and community centers utilized by the Party.” It was decided not to “presently” leak “this information to cooperative news sources,” because of a “pending special investigative technique.” 152 The information was given to the San Francisco Examiner, however, in February 1971, and an article was published stating that Huey P. Newton, BPP Supreme Commander, had moved into a $650-a-month apartment overlooking Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, under the assumed name of Don Penn. 153 Headquarters approved anonymously mailing copies of the article to BPP branches and ordered copies of the, article for “divisions with BPP activity for mailing to newspaper editors.” 154<br />
<br />
The San Francisco office informed FBI headquarters later in February that<br />
<br />
BPP Headquarters was beseiged with inquiries after the printing of the San Francisco Examiner article and the people at headquarters refuse to answer the news media or other callers on this question. This source has further reported that a representative of the Richmond, Virginia, BPP contacted headquarters on 2/18/71, stating they had received a xeroxed copy of . . . the article and believed it had been forwarded by the pigs but still wanted to know if it was true. 155<br />
<br />
D. Cooperation Between the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Local Police Departments in Disrupting the Black Panther Party<br />
<br />
The FBI enlisted the cooperation of local police departments in several of its covert action programs to disrupt and “neutralize” the Black Panther Party. The FBI frequently worked with the San Diego Police Department, supplying it with informant reports to encourage raids on the homes of BPP members, often with little or no apparent evidence of violations of State or Federal law. 156<br />
<br />
Examples are numerous. In February 1969, the San Diego Field Office learned that members of the local BPP chapter were following each other to determine if police informants had infiltrated their organization. The field office passed this information to the San Diego police with the suggestion that BPP members engaged in these surveillances might be followed and arrested for violations of “local Motor Vehicle Code laws.” 157 When the San Diego Field Office received reports that five BPP members were living in the local BPP headquarters and “having sex orgies on almost a nightly basis,” it informed the local police with the hope that a legal basis for a raid could be found. 158 Two days later, the San Diego office reported to headquarters:<br />
<br />
As a result of the Bureau-approved information furnished to the San Diego Police Department regarding the “sex orgies” being held at BPP Headquarters in San Diego, which had not previously been known to the Police Department, a raid was conducted at BPP Headquarters on 11/20/69. [Name deleted], San Diego Police Department, Intelligence Unit, advised that, due to this information, he assigned two officers to a research project to determine if any solid basis could be found to conduct a raid. His officers discovered two outstanding traffic warrants for [name deleted], a member of the BPP, and his officers used these warrants to obtain entry into BPP Headquarters.<br />
<br />
As a result of this raid [6 persons] were all arrested. Seized at the time of the arrests were three shotguns, one of which was stolen, one rifle, four gas masks and one tear gas canister.<br />
<br />
Also as a result of this raid, the six remaining members of the BPP in San Diego were summoned to Los Angeles on 11/28/69…. Upon their arrival, they were informed that due to numerous problems with the BPP in San Diego, including the recent raid on BPP Headquarters, the BPP Branch in San Diego was being dissolved.<br />
<br />
Also, as a direct result of the above raid [informants] have reported that [name deleted] has been severely beaten up by other members of the BPP due to the fact that she allowed the officers to enter BPP Headquarters the night of the raid. 159<br />
<br />
A later memorandum states that confidential files belonging to the San Diego Panthers were also “obtained” during this raid. 160<br />
<br />
In March 1969, the San Diego Field Office informed Bureau headquarters:<br />
<br />
information was made available to the San Diego Police Department who have been arranging periodic raids in the hope of establishing a possession of marijuana and dangerous drug charge [against two BBP members]. . . .<br />
<br />
The BPP finally managed to rent the Rhodesian Club at 2907 Imperial Avenue, San Diego, which will be utilized for a meeting hall. A request will be forthcoming to have the San Diego Police Department and local health inspectors examine the club for health and safety defects which are undoubted by [sic] present. 161<br />
<br />
The San Diego office also conducted “racial briefing sessions” for the San Diego police. Headquarters was informed:<br />
<br />
It is also felt that the racial briefing sessions being given by the San Diego Division are affording tangible results for the Counterintelligence Program. Through these briefings, the command levels of virtually all of the police departments in the San Diego Division are being apprised of the identities of the leaders of the various militant groups. It is felt that, although specific instances cannot be attributed directly to the racial briefing program, police officers are much more alert for these black militant individuals and as such are contributing to the over-all Counterintelligence Program, directed against these groups. 162<br />
<br />
The Committee staff has seen documents indicating extensive cooperation between local police and the FBI in several other cities. For example, the FBI in Oakland prevented a reconciliation meeting between Huey Newton’s brother and former Panthers by having the Oakland police inform one of the former Panthers that the meeting was a “set up.” The San Francisco office concluded:<br />
<br />
It is believed that such quick dissemination of this type of information may have been instrumental in preventing the various dissidents from rejoining forces with the BPP. 163<br />
<br />
Another Bureau memorandum reflected similar cooperation in Los Angeles:<br />
<br />
The Los Angeles office is furnishing on a daily basis information to the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Office Intelligence Division and the Los Angeles Police Department Intelligence and Criminal Conspiracy Divisions concerning the activities of the black nationalist groups in the anticipation that such information might lead to the arrest of these militants. 164<br />
<br />
Information from Bureau files in Chicago on the Panthers was given to Chicago police upon request, and Chicago Police Department files were open to the Bureau. 165 A Special Agent who handled liaison between the FBI’s Racial Matters Squad (responsible for monitoring BPP activity in Chicago) and the Panther Squad of the Gang Intelligence Unit (GIU) of the Chicago Police Department from 1967 through July 1969, testified that he visited GIU between three and five times a week to exchange information. 166 The Bureau and Chicago Police both maintained paid informants in the BPP, shared informant information, and the FBI provided information which was used by Chicago police in planning raids against the Chicago BPP. 167<br />
<br />
According to an FBI memorandum, this sharing of informant information was crucial to police during their raid on the apartment occupied by several Black Panther members which resulted in the death of the local Chairman, Fred Hampton, and another Panther:<br />
<br />
[Prior to the raid], a detailed inventory of the weapons and also a detailed floor plan of the apartment were furnished to local authorities. In addition, the identities of BPP members utilizing the apartment at the above address were furnished. This information was not available from any other source and subsequently proved to be of tremendous value in that it subsequently saved injury and possible death to police officers participating in a raid … on the morning of 12/4/69. The raid was based on the information furnished by the informant . . . ” 168 [Emphasis added.]<br />
<br />
Footnotes:<br />
<br />
1 For a description of the full range of COINTELPRO programs, see the staff report entitled “COINTELPRO: The FBI’s Covert Action Programs Against American Citizens.”<br />
<br />
2 Memorandum from G. C. Moore to W. C. Sullivan, 2/29/68, pp. 3-4.<br />
<br />
3 New York Times, 9/8/68.<br />
<br />
4 This figure is based on the Select Committee’s staff study of Justice Department COINTELPRO “Black Nationalist” summaries prepared by the FBI during the Petersen Committee inquiry into COINTELPRO.<br />
<br />
5 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/13/69.<br />
<br />
6 Ibid.<br />
<br />
7 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Baltimore Field Office (and 13 other offices), 11/25/68.<br />
<br />
8 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/16/70.<br />
<br />
9 James Adams testimony. 11/19/75, Hearings, Vol. 6, p. 76.<br />
<br />
10 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 5/26/70, pp. 1-2.<br />
<br />
11 Memorandum from a. C. Moore to W. C. Sullivan, 11/5/68.<br />
<br />
12 Ibid. An earlier FBI memorandum had informed headquarters that “sources have reported that the BPP has lot a contract on Karenga [the leader of US] because they feel lie has sold out to the establishment.” (Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 9/25/68, p. 1.)<br />
<br />
13 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Baltimore Field Office (and 13 other field offices), 11/25/68.<br />
<br />
14 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/20/69.<br />
<br />
15 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/20/69.<br />
<br />
16 Ibid.<br />
<br />
17 See memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/12/69.<br />
<br />
18 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters. 3/12/69, p. 4.<br />
<br />
19 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/17/69.<br />
<br />
20 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters. 4/10/69.<br />
<br />
21 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/27/69.<br />
<br />
22 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 4/10/69, p. 4.<br />
<br />
23 Ibid.<br />
<br />
24 Ibid.<br />
<br />
25 memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 6/5/69, p. 3.<br />
<br />
26 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 6/13/69.<br />
<br />
27 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Diego Field Office, 6/17/69.<br />
<br />
28 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 6/6/69.<br />
<br />
29 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 8/20/69.<br />
<br />
30 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 9/18/69.<br />
<br />
31 Ibid, p. 3.<br />
<br />
32 Ibid., p. 1.<br />
<br />
33 Ibid., p. 2.<br />
<br />
34 Memorandum from San Diego Meld office to FBI Headquarters, 9/3/69.<br />
<br />
35 Memorandum from San Diego Meld Office to FBI Headquarters, 11/12/69.<br />
<br />
36 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/23/70.<br />
<br />
37 Ibid., P. 1.<br />
<br />
38 Ibid., p. 2.<br />
<br />
39 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Diego Field Office, 1/29/70.<br />
<br />
40 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Los Angeles and San Francisco Field Offices, 5/15/70.<br />
<br />
41 Ibid.<br />
<br />
42 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 5/26/70.<br />
<br />
43 Ibid., pp. 1-2.<br />
<br />
44 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 8/10/70.<br />
<br />
45 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Los Angeles Field Office, 9/30/70.<br />
<br />
46 There is no question that the Blackstone Rangers were well-armed and violent. The Chicago police had linked the Rangers and rival gangs in Chicago to approximately 290 killings from 1965-69. Report of Captain Edward Buckney, Chicago Police Dept., Gang Intelligence Unit, 2/23/70, p. 2. One Chicago police officer, familiar with the Rangers, told a Committee staff member that their governing body, the Main 21, was responsible for several ritualistic murders of black youths in areas the gang controlled. (Staff summary of interview with Renault Robinson, 9/25/75.)<br />
<br />
47 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/16/68. Forte also had a well-earned reputation for violence. Between September 1964 and January 1971, he was charged with more than 14 felonies, including murder (twice), aggravated battery (seven times), robbery (twice), and contempt of Congress. (Select Committee staff interview of FBI criminal records.) A December 1968 FBI memorandum noted that a search of Forte’s apartment had turned up a .22 caliber, four-shot derringer pistol. (Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/12/68, p. 2.)<br />
<br />
48 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/16/68, p. 2.<br />
<br />
49 Letter Head Memorandum, 12/20/68.<br />
<br />
49a From confidential FBI interview with inmate at the House of Correction, 26th and California St. in Chicago, 11/12/69.<br />
<br />
49b Letterhead Memorandum, 12/20/68,<br />
<br />
49c Ibid., pp. 3-4.<br />
<br />
49d FBI Special Agent Informant Report, 12/30/68.<br />
<br />
49e Ibid.<br />
<br />
50 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/10/69.<br />
<br />
51 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/13/69, p. 1.<br />
<br />
52 Ibid.<br />
<br />
52a Memorandum from Special Agent to SAC, Chicago, 1/15/69.<br />
<br />
52b Ibid.<br />
<br />
52c Memorandum from Special Agent to SAC, Chicago, 1/28/69, reporting on informant report.<br />
<br />
53 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Chicago Field Office, 1/30/69.<br />
<br />
54 There are indications that a shooting incident between the Rangers and the Panthers on April 2, 1969, in a Chicago suburb may have been triggered by the FBI. According to Bobby Rush, coordinator of the Chicago BPP at the time, a group of armed BPP members had confronted the Rangers because Panther William O’Neal — who has since surfaced as an FBI informant — had told them that a Panther had been shot by Blackstone Rangers and had insisted that they retaliate. This account, however, has not been confirmed. (Staff summary of interview with Bobby Rush, 11/26/75.)<br />
<br />
55 The various COINTELPRO techniques are described in detail in the Staff Report on COINTELPRO.<br />
<br />
56 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/24/69.<br />
<br />
57 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Chicago Field Office, 4/8/69.<br />
<br />
57a Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/28/69.<br />
<br />
58 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/30/68.<br />
<br />
59 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Chicago Field Office, 1/30/69.<br />
<br />
60 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/12/69.<br />
<br />
The FBI had success with this technique in other eases. For example, the FBI placed another anonymous call to Stokely Carmichael’s residence in New York City. Carmichael’s mother was informed falsely that several BPP members were out to kill her son, and that he should “hide out.” The FBI memorandum reporting this incident said that Mrs. Carmichael sounded “shocked” on hearing the news and stated that she would tell Stokely when he came home. The memorandum observed that on !the next day, Stokely Carmichael left New York for Africa. (Memorandum from New York Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 9/9/68, p. 2.)<br />
<br />
61 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/17/69, p. 1.<br />
<br />
62 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/3/69.<br />
<br />
63 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 9/8/69. The FBI discovered that the Indianapolis BPP would have difficulty in new quarters because of its financial plight, a fact which was discovered by monitoring its bank account. (Memorandum from Indianapolis Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 9/23/69.)<br />
<br />
64 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 9/15/69.<br />
<br />
65 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 10/21/70.<br />
<br />
66 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 10/22/70.<br />
<br />
67 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 11/26/68.<br />
<br />
68 The Bureau documents presented to the Committee do not record of this contact.<br />
<br />
69 In September 1969, FBI Headquarters had encouraged the field offices to undertake projects aimed at splitting the BPP on a nationwide basis. (Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Newark, New York, and San Francisco Field Offices, 9/18/69.)<br />
<br />
70 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Legat, Paris and San Francisco Field Office, 4/10/70.<br />
<br />
71 Ibid., pp. 1-2.<br />
<br />
72 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 5/8/70.<br />
<br />
73 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters 5/28/70.<br />
<br />
74 Memorandum from Philadelphia Field Office to FBI Headquarter,,;, 8/13/70.<br />
<br />
75 Ibid. pp. 1-2.<br />
<br />
76 Memorandum from FBI Headquarter,,, to Philadelphia and San Francisco Field Offices, 8/19/70.<br />
<br />
77 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 8/31/70.<br />
<br />
78 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 9/9/70.<br />
<br />
79 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 10/21/70.<br />
<br />
80 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco and New York Field Office, 10/29/70<br />
<br />
81 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Los Angeles Field Office, 11/3/70.<br />
<br />
82 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 10/28/70.<br />
<br />
83 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco and New York Field Offices, 2/5/71.<br />
<br />
84 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington Field Offices, 12/15/70.<br />
<br />
85 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/3/70, p. 2.<br />
<br />
86 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington Field Offices, 12/15/70. A list of 10 organizations whose members attended the RPCC was forwarded to the FBI offices in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, New York, and San Francisco. (Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Atlanta (and 5 other Field Offices), 12/31/70.) There is no indication concerning how the Bureau obtained this list.<br />
<br />
86a Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 12/16/70.<br />
<br />
86b Memorandum from New York Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/14/70.<br />
<br />
86c Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 1/6/71.<br />
<br />
87 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/18/70. FBI headquarters authorized this letter on January 21, 1971 stating that the Bureau must now seize the time and “immediately” send the letter, (Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 1/21/71, p. 2.) Shortly afterward, a letter was sent to Cleaver from alleged Puerto Rican political allies of the BPP in Chicago, The Young Lords.<br />
<br />
What do we get. A disorganized Convention, apologetic speakers and flunkys who push us around, no leadership, no ideas, no nothing…. [Y]our talk is nice, but your ideas and action is nothing…. You are gone, those you left behind have big titles but cannot lead, cannot organize, are afraid to even come out among the people. The oppressed of Amerikka cannot wait. We must move without YOU…. (Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/19/71; memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Chicago and San Francisco Field Offices, 1/27/71.)<br />
<br />
88 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Boston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco Field Offices, 1/28/71.<br />
<br />
89 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to 29 Field Offices, 2/2/71.<br />
<br />
90 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to New York and San Francisco Field Offices, 2/3/71.<br />
<br />
91 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to New York Field Office, 2/3/71.<br />
<br />
92 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 2/10/71.<br />
<br />
93 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/12 71.<br />
<br />
93a The FBI was able to be specific because of its wiretaps on the phones of Huey Newton and the Black Panther headquarters.<br />
<br />
94 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 2/19/71.<br />
<br />
95 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 2/24/71. The phone call from Cleaver to Newton mentioned in this letter had been intercepted by the FBI. An FBI memorandum commented that the call had been prompted by an earlier Bureau letter purporting to come from Connie Matthews: “The letter undoubtedly provoked a long distance call from Cleaver to Newton which resulted in our being able to place in proper perspective the relationship of Newton and Cleaver to obtain the details of the Geronimo [Elmer Pratt] Group and learn of the disaffections and the expulsion of the New York group.” (Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters. 2/25/71.)<br />
<br />
96 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/25/71.<br />
<br />
96a Kathleen Cleaver testimony, 4/8/76, p. 34.<br />
<br />
97 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/2/71. FBI headquarters instructed the SAC, San Francisco to mail Cleaver a copy of the March 6 edition of the BPP newspaper which announced his expulsion from the BPP, along with an anonymous note saying, “This is what we think of punks and cowards.” (Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 3/10/71.)<br />
<br />
98 This letter was contained in a memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/16/71, pp. 1-2.<br />
<br />
99 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco and Chicago Field Offices, 3/25/71.<br />
<br />
100 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Los Angeles Field Office, 7/25/69.<br />
<br />
101 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 7/28/69.<br />
<br />
102 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 9/24/69.<br />
<br />
103 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 9/29/69, p. 1.<br />
<br />
104 Memorandum from G. C. Moore to W. C. Sullivan, 12/27/68.<br />
<br />
105 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office, to FBI Headquarters, 6/3/70.<br />
<br />
106 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Los Angeles Field Office, 6/25/70.<br />
<br />
107 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/3/70.<br />
<br />
108 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/2/70.<br />
<br />
109 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 3/5/70.<br />
<br />
110 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/22/70. The name “T. F. Ellis” is completely fictitious and the Post Office Box could not have been traced to the FBI.<br />
<br />
111 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 6/1/70.<br />
<br />
112 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 7/30/69.<br />
<br />
113 Ibid.; Memorandum from San Francisco Meld Office to FBI Headquarters, 11/30/70.<br />
<br />
114 K. Cleaver, 4/8/76, p. 16.<br />
<br />
115 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 8/29/69; memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Diego Field Office, 9/9/69.<br />
<br />
116 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 8/29/69.<br />
<br />
117 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 9/18/69.<br />
<br />
118 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 10/6/69, p. 3.<br />
<br />
119 Memorandum from New Haven Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 11/12/69, p. 3.<br />
<br />
120 The offices were Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Newark, New Haven, New York, San Diego, and San Francisco.<br />
<br />
121 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Baltimore (and 9 other Field Offices), 12/24/69, p. 1.<br />
<br />
122 These included the Mayor; the Glide Foundation (church foundation) Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco; Episcopal Diocese of California; Lutheran Church; Editor, San Francisco Chronicle; Editor, San Francisco Examiner; United Presbyterian Church, San Francisco Conference of Christians and Jews; San Francisco Chamber of Commerce; San Francisco Bar Association; and San Francisco Board of Supervisors. (Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/12/70.)<br />
<br />
123 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 7/1/69.<br />
<br />
124 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Los Angeles Field Office, 7/14/69.<br />
<br />
125 Ibid.<br />
<br />
126 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 10/6/69.<br />
<br />
127 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/2/70.<br />
<br />
128 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Albany (and 22 other Field Offlees), 8/25/67, p. 2.<br />
<br />
129 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/17/70, p. 3.<br />
<br />
130 Ibid., p. 5.<br />
<br />
131 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Chicago (and seven other Field Offices), 5/15/70.<br />
<br />
132 memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 5/22/70.<br />
<br />
133 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 5/20/70.<br />
<br />
134 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 5/20/70, p. 2.<br />
<br />
135 Ibid., p. 3.<br />
<br />
136 Memorandum from New York Field Office to FBI Headquarters and San Francisco Field Office, 10/11/69.<br />
<br />
137 Memorandum from New York Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 8/19/70.<br />
<br />
138 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to SAC’s in 39 cities, 11/10/70.<br />
<br />
139 Memorandum from G. C. Moore to W. C. Sullivan, 6/26/70.<br />
<br />
140 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Chicago, New York, and San Francisco Field Offices, 6/26/70.<br />
<br />
141 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 7/15/70.<br />
<br />
142 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/10/69.<br />
<br />
143 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Chicago Field Office, 2/20/69.<br />
<br />
144 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 5/26/69.<br />
<br />
145 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 12/4/69.<br />
<br />
146 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/18/70.<br />
<br />
147 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office (and 8 other offices), 1/23/70. The San Diego office had already made efforts along the lines proposed in this memorandum. In November 1969 it requested permission from headquarters to inform two newscasters “for use in editorials” that the sister and brother-in-law of a Communist Party member were believed to be members of the local Black Panthers. The office also proposed preparing “all editorial for publication in the Copley press.” (Airtel from SAC, San Diego to Director, FBI, 11/12/69.) The San Francisco office had also leaked information to a San Francisco Examiner reporter, who wrote a front-page story complete with photographs concerning “the conversion by the BPP of an apartment into a fortress.” (Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 1/21/70.)<br />
<br />
148 Memorandum from Los Angeles Meld Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/6/70; memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Los Angeles Field Office 3/5/70 (this memorandum bears Director Hoover’s initials).<br />
<br />
149 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to Los Angeles and San Francisco Field Offices, 5/27/70.<br />
<br />
150 Memorandum front Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 9/10/70, p. 2.<br />
<br />
151 Memorandum from Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 10/23/70.<br />
<br />
152 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 11/24/70.<br />
<br />
153 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/12/71.<br />
<br />
154 Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Francisco Field Office, 2/8/71.<br />
<br />
155 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/18/71. In a February 1971 report on recent COINTELPRO activity, the San Francisco Division described the San Francisco Examiner article as one of its “counterintelligence activities.” This report said that because of the article, Newton had given an interview to another San Francisco daily to try to explain his seemingly expensive lifestyle. The report also states that copies of the article were sent to “all BPP and NCCF [National Committee to Combat Fascism] offices in the United States and to three BPP contacts in Europe.” (Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/25/71.)<br />
<br />
156 The suggestion of encouraging local police to raid and arrest members of so-called “Black Nationalist Hate Groups” was first put forward in a February 29, 1968 memorandum to field offices. This memorandum cited as an example of successful use of this technique: “The Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), a pro-Chinese Communist group, was active in Philadelphia, Pa., in the summer of 1967. The Philadelphia office alerted local police who then put RAM leaders under close scrutiny. They were arrested on every possible charge until they could no longer make bail. As a result, RAM leaders spent most of the summer in jail and no violence traceable to RAM took place.” (Memorandum from G. C. Moore to W. C. Sullivan, 2/29/68, p. 3.)<br />
<br />
157 The San Diego office reported to headquarters: “As of one week ago, the BPP in San Diego was so completely disrupted and so much suspicion, fear, and distrust has been interjected into the party that the members have taken to running surveillances on one another in an attempt to determine who the ‘Police agents’ are. On 2/19/69, this information was furnished to the San Diego Police Department with the suggestion that possibly local Motor Vehicle Code laws were being violated during the course of these surveillances.’ ” (Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters 2/27/69.)<br />
<br />
158 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 11/10/69. Headquarters told the San Diego office that if there was no legal basis for a raid, it should “give this matter further thought and submit other proposals to capitalize on this information in the counterintelligence field.” (Memorandum from FBI Headquarters to San Diego Field Office, 11/18/69, p. 1.)<br />
<br />
159 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/3/69, pp. 2-3.<br />
<br />
160 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 2/17/70.<br />
<br />
161 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 3/26/69.<br />
<br />
162 Memorandum from San Diego Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/15/69.<br />
<br />
163 Memorandum from San Francisco Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 4/21/69.<br />
<br />
164 Memorandum Los Angeles Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/1/69.<br />
<br />
165 Special Agent deposition, 2/20/75. p. p. 90.<br />
<br />
166 Special Agent deposition, 2/26/75, p. 84. The Agent also testified that other FBI agents in the Racial Matters Squad were also involved in the “free flow of information between the Racial Matters Squad and GIU,” and that at one time or another, every agent had exchanged information with GIU.<br />
<br />
167 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/3/69. p. 2; memorandum from Special Agent to Chicago Field Office, 12/12/69.<br />
<br />
168 Memorandum from Chicago Field Office to FBI Headquarters, 12/8/69.</div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/contested-zone/">The Contested Zone</category>
			<dc:creator>Moorbey</dc:creator>
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			<title>John Muhammad Alabama sniper?</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40443-john-muhammad-alabama-sniper.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 10:19:11 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA[Was John Muhammad the sniper of the Alabama murder? D.C. snipers' first two victims were at ABC store in Montgomery | GadsdenTimes.com | Gadsden Times | Gadsden, AL...]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>Was John Muhammad the sniper of the Alabama murder? <a href="http://www.gadsdentimes.com/article/20091105/NEWS/911059974/1016/NEWS?Title%3DD-C-snipers-first-two-victims-were-at-ABC-store-in-Montgomery" target="_blank">D.C. snipers' first two victims were at ABC store in Montgomery | GadsdenTimes.com | Gadsden Times | Gadsden, AL</a></div>

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			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/">Open Forum</category>
			<dc:creator>Will-he-write</dc:creator>
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			<title><![CDATA[Chemical Warfare agents: Thimerosal and Neomycin sulfate a.k.a "Flu shots"]]></title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/breaking-down-understanding-our-enemies/40442-chemical-warfare-agents-thimerosal-neomycin-sulfate-k-flu-shots.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 09:31:56 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>*Chemical Warfare* 
  
**Chemical warfare* (*CW*) involves using the toxic properties (http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Poison) of chemical substances (http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Chemical_substance) as weapons to kill, injure, or incapacitate an enemy.* 
  
*This type of warfare is distinct...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><b>Chemical Warfare</b><br />
 <br />
<b><font color="white"><b>Chemical warfare</b> (<b>CW</b>) involves using the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Poison" target="_blank"><font color="white">toxic properties</font></a><font color="white"> of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Chemical_substance" target="_blank"><font color="white">chemical substances</font></a><font color="white"> as weapons to kill, injure, or incapacitate an enemy.</font></b><br />
 <br />
<b><font color="white">This type of warfare is distinct from the use of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Conventional_weapons" target="_blank"><font color="white">conventional weapons</font></a><font color="white"> or </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" target="_blank"><font color="white">nuclear weapons</font></a><font color="white"> because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to their </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Explosion" target="_blank"><font color="white">explosive</font></a><font color="white"> force.</font></b><br />
 <br />
<b><font color="white">The earliest target of chemical warfare agent research was not toxicity, but development of agents that can affect a target through the skin and clothing, rendering protective </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Gas_mask" target="_blank"><font color="white">gas masks</font></a><font color="white"> useless.</font></b><br />
 <br />
<b><font color="white">In July 1917, the Germans employed </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Mustard_gas" target="_blank"><font color="white">mustard gas</font></a><font color="white">. Mustard gas easily penetrates leather and fabric to inflict painful burns on the skin.</font></b><br />
 <br />
<font color="white"><b>In early 1942, Zyklon B (*</b><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Insecticide" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>insecticide</b></font></a><b><font color="white">)</font> had been selected by the Nazi Regime as the preferred <font color="white">extermination tool for both the </font></b><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>Auschwitz-Birkenau</b></font></a><font color="white"><b> and </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Majdanek" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>Majdanek</b></font></a> <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Extermination_camp" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>extermination camps</b></font></a><font color="white"><b> during the </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Holocaust" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>Holocaust</b></font></a><b><font color="white">.</font> The chemical claimed the lives of roughly 1.2 million people in these camps.</b></font><br />
 <br />
<b>In 1980 a group of French scientists accidentally synthesized a molecule that chemically resembles the hormone progesterone (Norgestrel). This molecule has a unique ability to bond the progesterone receptor cells and block their normal activity. The result of the molecule's activity is to block the hormone progesterone, vital to maintaining a pregnancy. The Drug was not invented with the goal of terminating pregnancy, however by the time it was synthesized there was the demand for a new and simplified abortion technique</b>. <b>In 1988 the after extensive testing the French government accepted <u>"Mifepristone"</u> for public use .The drug is now commonly known as <u>"RU 486",</u> the name assigned by the inventor Rousell-Uclaf, a division of the chemical company Hoechst AG. (*note it's now labeled as</b><b> "Levonorgestrel or Plan B"). </b><br />
 <br />
<b><font color="white">Chemical warfare agents are divided into <i>lethal</i> and <i>incapacitating</i> categories. A substance is classified as incapacitating if less than 1/100 of the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Lethal_dose" target="_blank"><font color="white">lethal dose</font></a><font color="white"> causes incapacitation, e.g., through nausea or visual problems.</font> </b><br />
 <br />
<b><font size="3"><SUP></SUP></font></b><br />
<b><font size="3"><SUP></SUP></font></b><br />
<b><font size="3"><SUP>NOTE: *</SUP></font><font size="3"><SUP>The Mirena (*IUD) is intended to initially release a daily dose of 20 micrograms </SUP></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel" target="_blank"><font size="3"><font color="white"><SUP>levonorgestrel</SUP></font></font></a><font size="3"><font color="white"><SUP> (a </SUP></font></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Progestin" target="_blank"><font size="3"><font color="white"><SUP>progestin</SUP></font></font></a><font color="white"><SUP><font size="3">), ie. pesticide.</font></SUP></font></b><br />
<b><SUP></SUP></b><br />
<b><font size="1"><SUP></SUP></font></b><b><font size="1">links</font></b><b><font size="1">:</font></b><br />
<ul><li><b><font size="1">IUD contraceptives are Toxic Pesticides </font></b><b><font size="1"><a href="!40377!http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/breaking-down-understanding-our-enemies/40377-iud-contraceptives-toxic-pesticides-levonorgestrel-iud-toxic-pesticide.html" target="_blank">http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/br...pesticide.html</a></font></b></li>
</ul><ul><li><b><font size="1">The Mirena IUD, Plan B, and Birth Control pills are Nerve Agents created by IG Farben</font></b> <a href="!40403!http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/breaking-down-understanding-our-enemies/40403-mirena-iud-plan-b-birth-control-pills-nerve-agents-created-ig-farben.html" target="_blank"><font size="1">http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/breaking-down-understanding-our-enemies/40403-mirena-iud-plan-b-birth-control-pills-nerve-agents-created-ig-farben.html</font></a></li>
</ul><b>Persistency</b><br />
 <br />
 <br />
<b>One way to classify chemical warfare agents is according to their <i>persistency</i>, a measure of the length of time that a chemical agent remains effective after dissemination. Chemical agents are classified as <i>persistent</i> or <i>nonpersistent</i>.</b><br />
 <br />
<b>Note</b>: Depending on the type, a single <b>IUD is approved for 5 to 10 years,</b> and <b>trials have demonstrated the copper T 380A to be effective for at least 12 years.</b> <br />
<b>Intrauterine device Health risk:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUD" target="_blank">Intrauterine device - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a> <img src="http://ts2.mm.bing.net/images/thumbnail.aspx?q=1423960771841&amp;id=804e695695b3f0acba09fe84ce97f05f&amp;url=http%3a%2f%2f3.bp.blogspot.com%2f_dS6SZA1uzD8%2fR5zHH-iBvrI%2fAAAAAAAAABg%2ffLDwkepCpzs%2fs200%2fmirena_1.jpg" border="0" alt="" /><br />
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<b>Agents classified as <i>nonpersistent</i> lose effectiveness after only a few minutes or hours. </b><br />
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<b>Apart from the agent used, the delivery mode is very important. To achieve a nonpersistent deployment, the agent is dispersed into very small droplets comparable with the mist produced by an aerosol can. In this form not only the gaseous part of the agent (around 50%) but also the fine aerosol can be inhaled or taken up by the skin.</b><br />
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<b>Modern doctrine requires very high concentrations almost instantly in order to be effective (one breath should contain a lethal dose of the agent). </b><br />
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<b>Persistent agents tend to remain in the environment for as long as several weeks, complicating decontamination. Defense against persistent agents requires shielding for extended periods of time. Non-volatile liquid agents, such as blister agents and the oily <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" target="_blank">VX</a> nerve agent, do not easily evaporate into a gas, and therefore present primarily a contact hazard.</b><br />
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<b><font size="3">Pharmaceutical pollution in the Nation’s rivers and streams</font></b><br />
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A number of scientific studies have found Prozac and other pharmaceutical drugs in streams, rivers and even the drinking water in some places. A federal agency's survey of 95 chemicals in U.S. rivers and streams has unveiled what the survey's leader calls "a real cocktail of various compounds." The chemicals studied included antibiotics, other prescription drugs, pesticides, and household chemicals such as detergents and fragrances. <br />
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<div align="center"><b>"The drugs are reaching the enviroment in various ways. People often flush expired uneeded medication down the toilet, and traces of medication linger in human waste. Sewage treatment plants cannot filter out the drugs completely, and they are released with treated wasted back into the enviroment."</b> Toxic Bibliography </div> <br />
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In addition to pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater compounds, are also of concern in the Bay watershed and the Nation. The USGS conducted a national study of emerging contaminants that included sites in the Bay watershed (<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/#koplin" target="_blank">Kolpin and others, 2002</a>).<br />
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During the study, samples were analyzed for 95 different emerging contaminants, including human and veterinary drugs, hormones, detergents, disinfectants, insecticides, and fire retardants. At least one of these contaminants was found in 80 percent of the Nation’s streams, with mixtures of the chemicals occurring at 75 percent of the sites. The most common groups detected were steroids, nonprescription drugs, and insect repellent. Only 14 compounds have human or ecological health criteria, and measured levels rarely exceeded any of the standards or criteria. However, little is known about the majority of the compounds or their mixtures. The chemicals found most frequently were steroids (from plant and animal sources), caffeine, and components of <a href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Insect+repellent" target="_blank">insect repellent</a> insect repellent, substance applied to the skin in order to provide protection against biting insects, primarily mosquitoes, ticks, chiggers, fleas, and certain flies. , disinfectants, and fire retardants. The median concentration detected for each group of chemicals was always less than 1.0 [micro] g/L, but some individual samples were much higher. The maximum reading for detergent <a href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Metabolites" target="_blank">metabolites</a> <br />
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Metabolites Substances produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process.<br />
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Mentioned in: Interactions was 55.6 steroids reached a peak of 18.3 [micro] g/L, and <a href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/plasticizers" target="_blank">plasticizers</a> plasticizers<br />
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mostly triaryl phosphates, such as tricresyl, triphenyl phosphates, which are poisonous. See also triorthocresyl phosphate. topped out at 17.4 [micro] g/L. <br />
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While little is known about the environmental health effects of many of the chemicals, 46 are known to be pharmacologically active, and 33 are known to be <b><u>hormonally active</u></b>. That's a particular concern to Rebecca Goldburg, a senior scientist with the advocacy organization Environmental Defense, because she says such substances can have a biologic impact at very low doses<br />
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<b><font size="3">Levonorgestrel usage</font></b><br />
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<b>Oral contraception</b><br />
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At <font color="white">low doses, levonorgestrel is used in </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_formulations" target="_blank"><font color="white">monophasic</font></a><font color="white"> and </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_formulations" target="_blank"><font color="white">triphasic</font></a><font color="white"> formulations of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" target="_blank"><font color="white">combined oral contraceptive pills</font></a><font color="white">, with available monophasic doses ranging from 100-250 µg, and triphasic doses of 50 µg/75 µg/125 µg. </font><br />
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<font color="white">At very low daily dose of 30 µg, levonorgestrel is used in some </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Progestogen_only_pill" target="_blank"><font color="white">progestogen only pill</font></a><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_formulations#Progestogen_only_pills" target="_blank"><font color="white">formulations</font></a><font color="white">.</font><br />
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<b><font size="3">Chemistry</font></b><br />
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<font color="white">Chemically, it is a </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Steroid_hormone" target="_blank"><font color="white">hormonally</font></a><font color="white"> active </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Levorotatory" target="_blank"><font color="white">levorotatory</font></a><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Enantiomer" target="_blank"><font color="white">enantiomer</font></a><font color="white"> of the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Racemic_mixture" target="_blank"><font color="white">racemic mixture</font></a><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Norgestrel" target="_blank"><font color="white">norgestrel</font></a><font color="white">. It is a gonane </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Progestin" target="_blank"><font color="white">progestin</font></a><font color="white"> derived from 19-</font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Nortestosterone" target="_blank"><font color="white">nortestosterone</font></a><font color="white">.</font><br />
<SUP></SUP><br />
<font color="white">Its <i><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/In_vitro" target="_blank"><font color="white">in vitro</font></a></i> relative </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" target="_blank"><font color="white">binding affinities</font></a><font color="white"> at human </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Steroid_hormone_receptor" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>steroid hormone</b> receptors</font></a><font color="white"> are: 323% that of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Progesterone" target="_blank"><font color="white">progesterone</font></a><font color="white"> at the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" target="_blank"><font color="white">progesterone receptor</font></a><font color="white">, 58% that of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Testosterone" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>testosterone</b></font></a><font color="white"> at the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Androgen_receptor" target="_blank"><font color="white">androgen receptor</font></a><font color="white">, 17% that of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Aldosterone" target="_blank"><font color="white">aldosterone</font></a><font color="white"> at the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" target="_blank"><font color="white">mineralocorticoid receptor</font></a><font color="white">, 7.5% that of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Cortisol" target="_blank"><font color="white">cortisol</font></a><font color="white"> at the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" target="_blank"><font color="white">glucocorticoid receptor</font></a><font color="white">, and <0.02% that of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Estradiol" target="_blank"><font color="white">estradiol</font></a><font color="white"> at the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" target="_blank"><font color="white">estrogen receptor</font></a>.<br />
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<b>In vitro</b><br />
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<b>A procedure performed <i><b>in vitro</b></i> (<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Latin_language" target="_blank">Latin</a>: <i>within the glass</i>) is performed <u>not in a living </u><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Organism" target="_blank">organism</a> but in a controlled environment, such as in a <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Test_tube" target="_blank">test tube</a> or <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Petri_dish" target="_blank">Petri dish</a>.<SUP id=cite_ref-Life-span_0-0 class=reference><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/#cite_note-Life-span-0" target="_blank">[1]</a></SUP> Many experiments in <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Cellular_biology" target="_blank">cellular biology</a> are conducted outside of organisms or cells; because the test conditions may not correspond to the conditions inside of the organism, this may lead to results that do not correspond to the situation that arises in a living organism. Consequently, such experimental results are often annotated with <i>in vitro</i>, in contradistinction with <i><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/In_vivo" target="_blank">in vivo</a></i>.<br />
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<b>NOTE:</b> Why are there women recieving 300% chemical pesticide Norgestrel, and 58% principal <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Male" target="_blank">male</a> sex <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Hormone" target="_blank">hormone</a> *Testosterone over <b>Estradiol;</b> <b>the predominant sex hormone present in females?</b><br />
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Video: Prozac in the Drinking Water! - Nutrition by Natalie<br />
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<img src="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/images/misc_2/film_go.png"> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k16i4q_58ew" target="_blank" >http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k16i4q_58ew</a> <br />
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<b><font size="3">Classes of chemical weapon agent</font></b><br />
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<b><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Nerve_agent" target="_blank"><font color="white">Nerve</font></a></b><br />
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<b><font color="white">Some </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Insecticide" target="_blank"><font color="white">insecticides</font></a><font color="white"> Inactivates enzyme </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" target="_blank"><font color="white">acetylcholinesterase</font></a><font color="white">, preventing the breakdown of the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter" target="_blank"><font color="white">neurotransmitter</font></a><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Acetylcholine" target="_blank"><font color="white">acetylcholine</font></a><font color="white"> in the victim's </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Synapse" target="_blank"><font color="white">synapses</font></a><font color="white"> and causing both </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Muscarinic" target="_blank"><font color="white">muscarinic</font></a><font color="white"> and </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Nicotinic" target="_blank"><font color="white">nicotinic</font></a><font color="white"> effects</font></b><br />
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<b><font color="white">There are other chemicals used militarily that are not scheduled by the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" target="_blank"><font color="white">Chemical Weapons Convention</font></a><font color="white">, and thus are not controlled under the CWC treaties. These include:</font></b><br />
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<b><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Defoliant" target="_blank"><font color="white">Defoliants</font></a><font color="white"> that destroy vegetation, but are not immediately toxic to human beings. Some batches of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Agent_Orange" target="_blank"><font color="white">Agent Orange</font></a><font color="white">, for instance, used by the United States in Vietnam, contained </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" target="_blank"><font color="white">dioxins</font></a><font color="white"> as manufacturing impurities. Dioxins, rather than Agent Orange itself, have long-term </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Cancer" target="_blank"><font color="white">cancer</font></a><font color="white"> effects and for causing genetic damage leading to serious birth deformities. </font></b><br />
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<b><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Incendiary" target="_blank"><font color="white">Incendiary</font></a><font color="white"> or </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Explosive_material" target="_blank"><font color="white">explosive</font></a><font color="white"> chemicals (such as </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Napalm" target="_blank"><font color="white">napalm</font></a><font color="white">, extensively used by the United States in Vietnam, or </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Dynamite" target="_blank"><font color="white">dynamite</font></a><font color="white">) because their destructive effects are primarily due to fire or explosive force, and not direct chemical action. </font></b><br />
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<b><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Virus" target="_blank"><font color="white">Viruses</font></a><font color="white">, </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Bacterium" target="_blank"><font color="white">bacteria</font></a><font color="white">, or other organisms. Their use is classified as </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Biological_warfare" target="_blank"><font color="white">biological warfare</font></a><font color="white">. </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Toxin" target="_blank"><font color="white">Toxins</font></a><font color="white"> produced by living organisms are considered chemical weapons, although the boundary is blurry. Toxins are covered by the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Biological_Weapons_Convention" target="_blank"><font color="white">Biological Weapons Convention</font></a><font color="white">. </font></b><br />
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<b><font size="3"><font color="white">Pesticide</font></font></b><br />
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<b><font color="white">A <b>pesticide</b> is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)" target="_blank"><font color="white">pest</font></a><font color="white">.<SUP> </SUP>A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substance intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.<SUP> </SUP>A pesticide may be a </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Chemical" target="_blank"><font color="white">chemical</font></a><font color="white"> substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Pest_(animal)" target="_blank"><font color="white">pest</font></a><font color="white">. Pests include </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Insect" target="_blank"><font color="white">insects</font></a><font color="white">, plant </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Pathogen" target="_blank"><font color="white">pathogens</font></a><font color="white">, weeds, </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Mollusca" target="_blank"><font color="white">molluscs</font></a><font color="white">, </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Bird" target="_blank"><font color="white">birds</font></a><font color="white">, </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Mammal" target="_blank"><font color="white">mammals</font></a><font color="white">, </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Fish" target="_blank"><font color="white">fish</font></a><font color="white">, nematodes (</font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Roundworm" target="_blank"><font color="white">roundworms</font></a><font color="white">), </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Microbe" target="_blank"><font color="white">microbes</font></a><font color="white"> and people that destroy property, spread or are a </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" target="_blank"><font color="white">vector</font></a><font color="white"> for disease or cause a nuisance. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides, there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other animals. </font></b><br />
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<b><font size="4"><font color="white">Pest</font></font></b><br />
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<font color="white">A <b>pest</b> is an organism, usually an insect, which has characteristics that are regarded by </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Human" target="_blank"><font color="white">humans</font></a><font color="white"> as injurious or unwanted</font><font color="white">. Examples of these include those organisms which </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" target="_blank"><font color="white">vector</font></a><font color="white"> human </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Disease" target="_blank"><font color="white">disease</font></a><font color="white">, such as </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Rat" target="_blank"><font color="white">rats</font></a><font color="white"> and </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Flea" target="_blank"><font color="white">fleas</font></a><font color="white"> which carry the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague" target="_blank"><font color="white">plague</font></a><font color="white"> disease, </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Mosquito" target="_blank"><font color="white">mosquitoes</font></a><font color="white"> which vector </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Malaria" target="_blank"><font color="white">malaria</font></a><font color="white">, and </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Tick" target="_blank"><font color="white">ticks</font></a><font color="white"> which carry </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Lyme_Disease" target="_blank"><font color="white">Lyme Disease</font></a><font color="white">.</font><br />
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<font color="white">The term pest may be used to refer specifically to harmful </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Animal" target="_blank"><font color="white">animals</font></a><font color="white"> but is also often taken to mean all harmful organisms including </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Weed" target="_blank"><font color="white">weeds</font></a><font color="white">, plant pathogenic </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Fungi" target="_blank"><font color="white">fungi</font></a><font color="white"> and </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Virus" target="_blank"><font color="white">viruses</font></a><font color="white">. </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Pesticide" target="_blank"><font color="white">Pesticides</font></a><font color="white"> are chemicals and other agents (<i>e.g.</i> </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Beneficial_micro-organisms" target="_blank"><font color="white">beneficial micro-organisms</font></a><font color="white">) that are used to control or protect other organisms from pests. <b>The related term </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Vermin" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>vermin</b></font></a><font color="white"> has much <b>overlap with pest, but generally only includes those creatures that are seen to be <u>vectors of diseases</u>.</b></font><br />
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<b><font size="3"><font color="white">Examples:</font></font></b><br />
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<font color="white"><b>Vermin-</b> applied to various animal species regarded as </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)" target="_blank"><font color="white">pests</font></a><font color="white"> or nuisances and especially to those associated with the carrying of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Disease" target="_blank"><font color="white">disease</font></a><font color="white">. Since the term is defined in relation to human activities, which species are included will vary from area to area and even person to person. The term itself derives from the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Latin" target="_blank"><font color="white">Latin</font></a><font color="white"> <i>vermis</i>, meaning worm, and originally had reference to the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/w/index.php?title=Vermiform&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" target="_blank"><font color="white">vermiform</font></a><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Larva" target="_blank"><font color="white">larvae</font></a><font color="white"> of certain insects, many of which infest foodstuffs. The </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Term" target="_blank"><font color="white">term</font></a><font color="white"> 'Varmint' dates as early as the first half of the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/16th_century" target="_blank"><font color="white">sixteenth century</font></a><font color="white"> (ca. </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/1530s" target="_blank"><font color="white">1530</font></a><font color="white">-</font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/1540s" target="_blank"><font color="white">1540s</font></a><font color="white">).</font><br />
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<b><font size="3"><font color="white">Scope of meanings</font></font></b><br />
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<font color="white">Disease-carrying </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Rodent" target="_blank"><font color="white">rodents</font></a><font color="white"> and </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Insect" target="_blank"><font color="white">insects</font></a><font color="white"> are the usual case, but the term is also applied to larger animals—especially </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Predator" target="_blank"><font color="white">small predators</font></a><font color="white"> — on the basis that they exist out of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Ecosystem" target="_blank"><font color="white">balance</font></a><font color="white"> with a human-defined (desired) </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Natural_environment" target="_blank"><font color="white">environment</font></a><font color="white">, where they are normally accused of consuming excessive </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Natural_resource" target="_blank"><font color="white">resources</font></a><font color="white"> (such as feeding on crops, from a </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Farmer" target="_blank"><font color="white">farmer</font></a><font color="white">'s point of view). </font><br />
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<font color="white">The term is also used as an extremely pejorative characterization of a particular </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Social_class" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>class</b></font></a><font color="white"><b> or </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Ethnic_group" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>group</b></font></a><font color="white"><b> of people as inferior and </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Dehumanization" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>subhuman</b></font></a><font color="white">, and often considered </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Parasitism_(social_offense)" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>social parasites</b></font></a><font color="white">. Application of the term can be wide, having been applied over the centuries in different </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Language" target="_blank"><font color="white">languages</font></a><font color="white">, to various groups, and its use is usually based on a </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Perception" target="_blank"><font color="white">perception</font></a><font color="white"> that the target group's views are "disease-like," or that <b>such groups exist out of </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Sociology" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>sociological balance</b></font></a><font color="white"><b> with the common society.</b></font><br />
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<b><font size="3">Subhuman - Untermensch <i>also see *</i>Taxonomic rank</font></b><br />
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<b>Untermensch</b><font color="white"> (</font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/German_language" target="_blank"><font color="white">German</font></a><font color="white"> for <i>under man</i>, <i>sub-man</i>, <i>sub-human</i>; plural: <b>Untermenschen</b>) is a term from</font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Nazism" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>Nazi</b></font></a><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Racism" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>racial</b></font></a><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Ideology" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>ideology</b></font></a><font color="white"> used to describe <b>"inferior people",</b> especially<b> "the masses from the East,"</b> that is*<b>African-Germans, </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Jews" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>Jews</b></font></a><font color="white">, </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Romani_people" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>Gypsies</b></font></a><font color="white"><b>, </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Poles" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>Poles</b></font></a> <b>,</b><font color="white"> along with other </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Slavic_people" target="_blank"><font color="white">Slavic people</font></a><font color="white"> like the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Russians" target="_blank"><font color="white">Russians</font></a><font color="white">, </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Serbs" target="_blank"><font color="white">Serbs</font></a><font color="white">, </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Ukrainians" target="_blank"><font color="white">Ukrainians</font></a><font color="white"> and anyone else who was not an "</font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Aryan_race" target="_blank"><font color="white">Aryan</font></a><font color="white">" according to the contemporary Nazi race terminology. The German word <i>Mensch</i> literally means <i>human</i>.</font><br />
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<b><font size="3">Early Mercury use</font></b><br />
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As early as 1497 mercury was being advocated by at least two physicians, Johannes Widmann and Corradino Gilino, and in 1498 the first major book on syphillis was written by Francisco Lopez de Villalobos.<br />
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He recognized the venereal mode of transmission and described the skin manifestations and later complications of syphilis. He <b><u>also deduced</u></b> the idea of <b>"treatment with mercury" from a study of the old Arabic literature. </b><br />
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This is an <b>excerpt taken from "Syphilis a synopsis U.S Dept. of Health, Ed. and Rec." 1968 (</b>pg.2) <br />
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<b>(*The U.S Government knew, from what they wrote in 1968, that Mercury was ineffective 511 years ago). </b><br />
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<font size="3"><b>The</b> <b>Tuskegee syphilis experiment and Mercury</b></font><br />
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<font color="white">The <b>Tuskegee syphilis experiment </b>(also known as the <b>Tuskegee syphilis study</b> or <b>Public Health Service syphilis study</b>) was a </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Clinical_trial" target="_blank"><font color="white">clinical study</font></a><font color="white"> conducted between 1932 and 1972 in </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Tuskegee,_Alabama" target="_blank"><font color="white">Tuskegee, Alabama</font></a><font color="white">, by the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/U.S._Public_Health_Service" target="_blank"><font color="white">U.S. Public Health Service</font></a><font color="white">. </font><br />
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<font color="white">Investigators recruited <b>399 impoverished </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/African-American" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>African-American</b></font></a><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Sharecroppers" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>sharecroppers</b></font></a><font color="white"> with </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Syphilis" target="_blank"><font color="white">syphilis</font></a><font color="white"> for research related to the natural progression of the untreated disease, in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks.</font><br />
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<font color="white"><b>*Syphilis</b> was frequently treated with <b><u>mercuric chloride</u></b> during the Tuskegee Experiements; a component found in what you know as <b>Thimerosal</b>.</font><br />
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<SUP></SUP><br />
<font color="white">The 40-year study was controversial for reasons related to </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Medical_ethics" target="_blank"><font color="white">ethical standards</font></a><font color="white">, primarily because researchers failed to treat patients appropriately after the 1940s validation of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Penicillin" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>penicillin</b></font></a><font color="white"> as an effective cure for the disease. Revelation of study failures led to major changes in U.S. law and regulation on the protection of participants in clinical studies. Now studies require </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Informed_consent" target="_blank"><font color="white">informed consent</font></a><font color="white">, communication of </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Diagnosis" target="_blank"><font color="white">diagnosis</font></a><font color="white">, and accurate reporting of test results.</font><br />
<SUP></SUP><br />
<font color="white">When the study began in 1932, standard medical treatments for syphilis were toxic, dangerous, and of questionable effectiveness. Part of the study goal was to determine if patients were <b>better off not being treated with such toxic remedies</b>. Additionally, researchers wanted to understand each stage of the disease in hopes of developing suitable treatments for each.</font><br />
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<font color="white">By 1947 penicillin had become the standard treatment for syphilis. Choices might have included treating all syphilitic subjects and closing the study, or splitting off a </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Control_group" target="_blank"><font color="white">control group</font></a><font color="white"> for testing with penicillin. Instead, the Tuskegee scientists continued the study, withholding penicillin and information about it from the patients. In addition, scientists prevented participants from accessing syphilis treatment programs available to others in the area. The study continued, under numerous supervisors, until 1972, when a leak to the press resulted in its termination. Victims included numerous men who died of syphilis, wives who contracted the disease, and children born with </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Congenital_syphilis" target="_blank"><font color="white">congenital syphilis</font></a><font color="white">.</font><br />
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<SUP></SUP><br />
<font color="white">The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, cited as "arguably the most infamous biomedical research study in U.S. history,"led to the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/1979" target="_blank"><font color="white">1979</font></a><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Belmont_Report" target="_blank"><font color="white">Belmont Report</font></a><font color="white"> and the establishment of the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Office_for_Human_Research_Protections" target="_blank"><font color="white">Office for Human Research Protections</font></a><font color="white"> (OHRP).</font><br />
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<font color="white">It also led to federal regulation requiring </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Institutional_Review_Board" target="_blank"><font color="white">Institutional Review Boards</font></a><font color="white"> for protection of human subjects in studies involving human subjects. The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) manages this responsibility within the US </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" target="_blank"><font color="white">Department of Health and Human Services</font></a><font color="white"> (HHS).</font><br />
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Study details<br />
<div align="center"><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/File:Tuskeegee_study.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tuskeegee_study.jpg/180px-Tuskeegee_study.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a> <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/File:Tuskeegee_study.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.assatashakur.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" alt="" /></a><br />
Subject blood draw, circa 1953</div> <br />
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<div align="center"><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/File:Tuskegeeletter.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tuskegeeletter.jpg/140px-Tuskegeeletter.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></a> <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/File:Tuskegeeletter.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.assatashakur.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" alt="" /></a><br />
The Tuskegee Study Group Letter inviting subjects to receive "special treatment", actually a diagnostic lumbar puncture.</div> <br />
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<font color="white">The study began as a </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Clinical_trial" target="_blank"><font color="white">clinical trial</font></a><font color="white"> of the incidence of syphilis in the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Macon_County,_Alabama" target="_blank"><font color="white">Macon County</font></a><font color="white"> population. Initially, subjects were studied for six to eight months, then treated with contemporary methods including </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Arsphenamine" target="_blank"><font color="white">Salvarsan</font></a> <font size="3"><b>(*arsenic)<font color="white">, </font></b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>mercurial</b></font></a><font color="white">ointments, and </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Bismuth" target="_blank"><font color="white">bismuth</font></a><font color="white">.</font><br />
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<font color="white">These methods were, at best, mildly effective; the disadvantage that these were all highly toxic was balanced by the fact that no other methods were known. </font><br />
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<font color="white"><b><u>The Tuskegee Institute</u></b> participated in the study, <b><u>as its representatives:guede:</u></b> understood <i><b>the intent was to benefit public health in this poor population. </b></i></font><br />
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<font color="white"><b>The Tuskegee University-affiliated</b> hospital effectively loaned <b>the PHS its medical facilities</b>. Other predominantly black institutions and local black doctors also participated. The </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Rosenwald_Fund" target="_blank"><font color="white">Rosenwald Fund</font></a><font color="white">, a major </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Chicago" target="_blank"><font color="white">Chicago</font></a><font color="white">-based philanthropy<b> devoted to black education and community development in </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/The_South" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>the South</b></font></a><font color="white">, provided financial support to pay for the eventual treatment of the patients. Initially, study researchers recruited <b>399 syphilitic Black men, and 201 healthy Black men as controls</b>.</font><br />
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<font color="white"><b>By 1947</b> penicillin had become standard therapy for syphilis. The US government sponsored several </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Public_health" target="_blank"><font color="white">public health</font></a><font color="white"> programs to form "rapid treatment centers" to eradicate the disease. When campaigns to eradicate venereal disease came to Macon County, however, study researchers prevented their patients from participating.</font><br />
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<font color="white">During </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/World_War_II" target="_blank"><font color="white">World War II</font></a><font color="white">, <b>250 of the subject men registered for the </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Conscription" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>draft</b></font></a><font color="white">. They were consequently diagnosed and ordered to obtain treatment for syphilis before they could be taken into the armed services.</font><font color="white"><b>PHS researchers<u> prevented them from getting treatment</u></b>, thus depriving them of chances for a cure, service to the nation, and gaining the benefit of the </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/GI_Bill" target="_blank"><font color="white">GI Bill</font></a><font color="white"> for education, passed after the war. At the time, the PHS representative was quoted as saying: "So far, we are keeping the known positive patients from getting treatment."</font><br />
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<SUP></SUP><br />
<font color="white">By the end of the study in 1972, only 74 of the test subjects were alive. Twenty-eight of the original 399 men had died of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children were born with </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Congenital_syphilis" target="_blank"><font color="white">congenital syphilis</font></a><font color="white">.</font><br />
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<b><font size="4">Ethical implications</font></b><br />
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<font size="4"><font size="2">The ethics of the early stages of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study can be <font color="white">considered in contrast to developments after the use of penicillin was verified as valid treatment. In 1932 treatments for syphilis were relatively ineffective and had severe side effects.</font></font><br />
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<font size="2"><font color="white">Researchers knew that syphilis was particularly prevalent in poor, black communities. Prevailing medical ethics at the time did not have the exacting standards for </font></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Informed_consent" target="_blank"><font size="2"><font color="white">informed consent</font></font></a><font size="2"><font color="white">, which is now expected. Doctors routinely withheld information about patients' conditions from them.</font></font><br />
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<font size="2"><font color="white">After </font></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Penicillin" target="_blank"><font size="2"><font color="white">penicillin</font></font></a><font size="2"><font color="white"> was found to be an effective treatment for syphilis, the study continued for another 25 years without treating those suffering from the disease. After the study</font><font color="white"> and its consequences became front-page news, it was ended in a day.</font></font><br />
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<font size="2"><font color="white">The aftershocks of this study led directly to the establishment of the </font></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_the_Protection_of_Human_Subjects_of_Biomedical_and_Behavioral_Research" target="_blank"><font size="2"><font color="white">National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research</font></font></a><font size="2"><font color="white"> and the </font></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/National_Research_Act" target="_blank"><font size="2"><font color="white">National Research Act</font></font></a><font size="2"><font color="white">. This act requires the establishment of </font></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Institutional_Review_Board" target="_blank"><font size="2"><font color="white">Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)</font></font></a><font size="2"><font color="white"> at institutions receiving federal grants.</font></font><br />
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</font>Before the advent of antibiotics. It was inhaled, ingested, injected, and applied topically. Poisoning was so common that its symptoms were confused with those of syphilis.<br />
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Mercury in Vaccine<br />
video:<br />
<img src="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/images/misc_2/film_go.png"> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IjJufWVHjU" target="_blank" >http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IjJufWVHjU</a> <br />
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<b><font size="3">Thiomersal</font></b><br />
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<b>Thiomersal </b>is very toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and in contact with skin (EC hazard symbol T+), with a danger of cumulative effects. It is also very toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in aquatic environments (EC hazard symbol N). In the body, it is metabolized or <b><u>degraded to ethylmercury</u></b> (C2H5Hg+) and <b>thiosalicylate</b>.<br />
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<b>Ethylmercury</b><br />
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<b>Ethylmercury</b> is one of the <b><u>metabolites of thiomersal</u></b>, which is used as a preservative in some vaccines. Thiomersal is <b>the ethylmercury-releasing compound sodium ethylmercuric thiosalicylate</b>, <b>C9H9HgNaO2S</b>, which is made from <b>the combination of ethyl mercuric chloride, thiosalicylic acid, sodium hydroxide and ethanol.</b><br />
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<b>Mercuric chloride</b><br />
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<b>Mercuric chloride,(used in the Tuskegee Experiment) is</b><br />
highly toxic, <b><i>not only acutely</i></b> but as a <b><u>cumulative poison.</u></b><br />
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<div align="center"><b><u>.</u></b><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/File:Mercury(II)_chloride.jpg" target="_blank"><b><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mercury%28II%29_chloride.jpg/200px-Mercury%28II%29_chloride.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></b></a> </div> <br />
<div align="center"><b>*(</b>Used throughout the Tuskegee experiments with the knowledge of a cure in the 1940s. Now it's a component of many vaccines, including <b>the H1N1 vaccine</b>).</div> <br />
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<b>Denuded neurofibrils:</b> <b>How</b> <b>Mercury destroys brain neurons *</b><br />
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<div align="center"><font size="4"><i>"Viruses easily bypass the blood-brain barrier by attaching themselves to circulating immune cells". </i></font><br />
<font size="4"><font size="2"><i>excerpt from <b><font color="red">"</font></b></i><b><font color="red">Pathophysiology of </font></b></font><font size="2"><font color="red"><b>Blood-brain barrier"</b></font></font></font><br />
<i><font size="1">*Mercury Toxicology (below)</font></i></div> <br />
A University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine research team has found that exposure to mercury causes degeneration of brain neurons in animals.<br />
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Nerve processes in snails and other animals, specifically the microtubules in neurons, are similar to those of humans.<br />
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The team has identified how this degeneration takes place: ï mercury ions attach to a neuron, causing its microtubules to disassemble or break down and, ultimately, leave that neuron stripped of its protective membrane.<br />
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Denuded neurofibrils image:<br />
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<a href="http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=denuded+neurofibrils&amp;FORM=BIFD" target="_blank"></TITLE>"+""+enc(state)+"");h.close();me.frameSa</a>#<br />
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Mercury In Vaccines Causes Brain Cell Damage' - University of Calgary experiment Source:<br />
<img src="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/images/misc_2/film_go.png"> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAP4aRdEmNk" target="_blank" >http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAP4aRdEmNk</a> <br />
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<b><font size="4">Toxicology</font></b><br />
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Few studies of the toxicity of thiomersal in humans have been performed. Animal experiments suggest that thiomersal rapidly dissociates to release ethylmercury after injection; that the disposition patterns of mercury are similar to those after exposure to equivalent doses of ethylmercury chloride; and that the central nervous system and the kidneys are targets, with lack of motor coordination being a common sign. <br />
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Similar signs and symptoms have been observed in accidental human poisonings. The mechanisms of toxic action are unknown. Fecal excretion accounts for most of the elimination from the body. <br />
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<b>Ethylmercury</b> clears from blood with a half-life of about 18 days, and from the brain in about 14 days. Inorganic mercury metabolized from ethylmercury has a much longer clearance, at least 120 days; it appears to be much less toxic than the inorganic mercury produced from mercury vapor, for reasons not yet understood.<br />
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Risk assessment for effects on the nervous system have been made by extrapolating from dose-response relationships for methylmercury.<br />
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<font size="4">Methylmercury and ethylmercury distributes to all body tissues,... <u><b>crossing the blood-brain barrier</b></u> and the <b><u>placental barrier</u></b>, and ethylmercury also moves freely throughout the body</font>.<br />
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<b>Viruses easily bypass the blood-brain barrier by attaching themselves to circulating immune cells.</b><br />
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Concerns based on extrapolations from methylmercury caused thiomersal to be removed from U.S. childhood vaccines, starting in 1999. Since then, it has been found that ethylmercury is cleared from the body and the brain significantly faster than methylmercury, so the late-1990s risk assessments turned out to be overly conservative.[9] A 2008 study found that the half-life of blood mercury after vaccination averages 3.7 days for newborns and infants, much shorter than the 44 days for methylmercury.<br />
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<b><font size="4">Ne</font></b><b><font size="4">omycin sulfate used in Seasonal vaccine's</font></b><br />
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<b>Neomycin</b> is an <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Aminoglycoside" target="_blank">aminoglycoside</a> <a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Antibiotic" target="_blank">antibiotic</a> that is found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments and eyedrops.<br />
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<b>[<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/w/index.php?title=Neomycin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" target="_blank">edit</a>] Uses</b><br />
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<font color="white">Neomycin is overwhelmingly used as a </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Topical" target="_blank"><font color="white">topical</font></a><font color="white"> preparation, such as </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Neosporin" target="_blank"><font color="white">Neosporin</font></a><font color="white">. It can also be given orally, where it is usually combined with other antibiotics. Neomycin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and has been used as a preventive measure for </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" target="_blank"><font color="white">hepatic encephalopathy</font></a><font color="white"> and </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia" target="_blank"><font color="white">hypercholesterolemia</font></a><font color="white">. By killing bacteria in the intestinal tract, it keeps ammonia levels low and prevents hepatic encephalopathy, especially prior to GI surgery. It has also been used to treat </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Small_intestinal_bacterial_overgrowth" target="_blank"><font color="white">small intestinal bacterial overgrowth</font></a><font color="white">.</font><br />
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<font color="white"><b><font size="4">It is not given intravenously</font></b>, as <b>neomycin</b> is extremely </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Nephrotoxic" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>nephrotoxic</b></font></a><font color="white"> (<b>causes </b></font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Kidney" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>kidney</b></font></a><font color="white"><b> damage</b>), especially compared to other </font><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Aminoglycoside" target="_blank"><font color="white"><b>aminoglycosides</b></font></a><font color="white"><b>.</b> <b>The exception is when neomycin is included, in very small quantities, as a preservative in some vaccines - typically 0.025 mg per dose.</b></font><br />
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<b>Note: It's a chemical pesticide</b><br />
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<font color="white"><font size="4"><b>PAN</b> Pesticides Database - Chemicals</font></font><br />
<b><font size="4"><font color="white">Neomycin sulfate</font></font></b> <br />
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<a href="http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Docs/ref_toxicity4.html" target="_blank"><b><font color="white">Reproductive or developmental toxicants</font></b></a><b><font color="white">, as designated by the state of California's Proposition 65 list</font></b><br />
<a href="http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_Chemicals.jsp" target="_blank">PAN Pesticide Resources</a>?<br />
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<b><font size="3">Updated Prop. 65 list </font></b><br />
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<font size="3">ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY </font><br />
<font size="3">OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT </font><br />
<font size="3">SAFE DRINKING WATER AND TOXIC ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1986 CHEMICALS KNOWN TO THE STATE TO CAUSE CANCER OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY </font><br />
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<font size="3"><b>SEPTEMBER 11, 2009</b> </font><br />
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<font size="3">The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 requires that the Governor revise and republish at least once per year the list of chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. The identification number indicated in the following list is the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number. No CAS number is given when several substances are presented as a single listing. The date refers to the initial appearance of the chemical on the list. For easy reference, chemicals which are shown underlined are newly added. Chemicals or endpoints shown in strikeout were placed on the Proposition 65 list on the date noted, and have subsequently been removed. </font><br />
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<TABLE dir=ltr border=1 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=7 width=816><TBODY><TR><TD height=9 vAlign=top width="25%"><font size="3">Neomycin sulfate (internal use) </font><br />
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</TD><TD height=9 vAlign=top width="25%"><font size="3">developmental </font><br />
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</TD><TD height=9 vAlign=top width="25%"><font size="3">1405-10-3 </font><br />
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</TD><TD height=9 vAlign=top width="25%"><font size="3">October 1, 1992 </font><br />
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</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><br />
<b><font color="#c00000"><a href="http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single091009.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop6...ngle091009.pdf</a></font></b><br />
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<CENTER></CENTER><CENTER></CENTER><CENTER><font size="4">VACCINE INGREDIENTS</font></CENTER><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="2">The questions: "What is in the flu shot and what is in the vaccinations they are giving my child?", are being raised by those that are taking responsibility for their health and that of their loved ones. This brings hope that, one day soon, parents will have the truth and be able to make more logical decisions in the future. <i>~ Vickie Barker</i></font></font><br />
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<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Tahoma"><b><font size="3">VACCINE INGREDIENTS</font></b></font></font></font></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">a representative sample</font></font></font></font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Vaccine - Manufacturer - Microbes - Antibiotics -Chemicals /</b></font></font></font></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Heavy Metals - Animal ByProducts</font></b></font></font></font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Acel-Immune DTP</b></font></font></font></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><i>diphtheria - tetanus - pertussis</i> </font></font></font></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Tahoma">Wyeth-Ayerst 800.934.5556 </font></font></font></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Tahoma">diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and</font></font></font></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">acellular pertussis adsorbed formaldehyde, aluminum</font></font></font></font></font><font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">hydroxide, aluminum phosphate,<b> thimerosal</b>, and</font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">polysorbate 80 (Tween-80) gelatin</font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">Act HIB</font></font></font></font></font></div><font size="2"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
 <br />
<div align="left"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Haemophilus</b></font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Tahoma"><i>influenza B</i> </font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Tahoma">Connaught Laboratories 800.822.2463</font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Tahoma">Haemophilus influenza Type B,</font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">polyribosylribitol phosphate ammonium sulfate,</font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">formalin, and sucrose</font></font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Attenuvax</b></font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>measles</i> </font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">Merck &amp; Co., Inc. 800-672-6372 </font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">measles live virus <b>neomycin sorbitol</b></font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">hydrolized gelatin, chick embryo</font></font></font></div> <br />
 <br />
<div align="left"><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Biavax</b></font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>rubella</i> </font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">Merck &amp; Co., Inc. 800-672-6372 </font></font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">rubella live virus <b>neomycin</b> sorbitol</font></font></font><font face="Arial"><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">hydrolized gelatin, human diploid cells from aborted</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">fetal tissue</font></font></font></div><font face="Arial"><br />
 <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>BioThrax</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>anthrax adsorbed</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">BioPort Corporation 517.327.1500</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">nonencapsulated strain of Bacillus anthracis</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">aluminum hydroxide, benzethonium chloride, and</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">formaldehyde</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>DPT</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>diphtheria - tetanus - pertussis</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">GlaxoSmithKline 800.366.8900</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">X 5231 diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">pertussis adsorbed formaldehyde, aluminum phosphate,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">ammonium sulfate, and <b>thimerosal washed sheep RBCs</b></font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Dryvax</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>smallpox</i></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">(not licensed d/t expiration) Wyeth-Ayerst 800.934.5556 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">live vaccinia virus, with "some microbial</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">contaminants," according to the Working Group on</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Civilian Biodefense polymyxcin B sulfate, streptomycin</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">sulfate, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, and <b>neomycin</b></font></font><br />
<b><font size="2"><font face="Arial">sulfate phenol</font></font></b><font size="2"><font face="Arial"> <u><b>-a compound obtained by distillation of</b></u></font></font><br />
<u><b><font size="2"><font face="Arial">coal tar glycerin, and vesicle fluid from calf skin</font></font></b></u><font size="2"><font face="Arial">s</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Engerix-B</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>recombinant hepatitis B</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">GlaxoSmithKline 800.366.8900</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">X 5231 genetic sequence of the hepatitis B virus that</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">codes for the surface antigen (HbSAg), cloned into GMO</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">yeast aluminum hydroxide, and<b> thimerosal</b></font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Fluvirin</b> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Medeva Pharmaceuticals 888.MEDEVA 716.274.5300 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">influenza virus <b>neomycin</b>, polymyxin</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">beta-propiolactone chick embryonic fluid</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>FluShield </b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Wyeth-Ayerst 800.934.5556 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">trivalent influenza virus, types A&amp;B</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">gentamicin sulphate formadehyde, <b>thimerosal,</b> and</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">polysorbate 80 (Tween-80) chick embryonic fluid</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Havrix</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>hepatitis A</b> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">GlaxoSmithKline 800.366.8900</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">X 5231 hepatitis A virus formalin, aluminum</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">hydroxide, 2-phenoxyethanol, and polysorbate 20</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">residual MRC5 proteins</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">-human diploid cells from aborted fetal tissue</font></font></div> <br />
 <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>HiB Titer</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>Haemophilus influenza B</i></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Wyeth-Ayerst 800.934.5556 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Haemophilus influenza B,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">polyribosylribitol phosphate, yeast ammonium</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">sulfate, thimerosal, and chemically defined</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">yeast-based medium</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Imovax</b> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Connaught Laboratories 800.822.2463</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">rabies virus adsorbed neomycin sulfate phenol red indicator</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">human albumin, human diploid cells from aborted fetal tissue</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>IPOL</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Connaught Laboratories 800.822.2463 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>3 types of polio viruses neomycin</b>, streptomycin, and polymyxin B</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>formaldehyde</b>, and 2-phenoxyethenol continuous line of</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b><font size="3">monkey kidney cells</font></b></font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>JE-VAX</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>Japanese encephalitis</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b><font size="4">Aventis Pasteur</font></b> USA 800.VACCINE </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Nakayama-NIH strain of Japanese</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">encephalitis virus, inactivated formaldehyde,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">polysorbate 80 (Tween-80), and <b>thimerosal</b> mouse serum</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">proteins, and gelatin</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>LYMErix</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>lyme</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">GlaxoSmithKline 888-825-5249 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">recombinant protein (OspA) from the outer</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">surface of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">kanamycin aluminum hydroxide, 2-phenoxyethenol,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">phosphate buffered saline</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>MMR</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>measles - mumps - rubella</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Merck &amp; Co., Inc. 800.672.6372</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">measles, mumps, rubella live virus</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">neomycin sorbitol hydrolized gelatin, chick embryonic</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">fluid, andn human diploid cells from aborted fetal tissue</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>M-R-Vax</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>measles - rubella</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Merck &amp; Co., Inc. 800.672.6372</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">measles, rubella live virus neomycin</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">sorbitol hydrolized gelatin, chick embryonic fluid,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">and human diploid cells from aborted fetal tissue</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Menomune</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>meningococcal </i></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Connaught Laboratories 800.822.2463</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">freeze-dried polysaccharide antigens from Neisseria</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b><font size="3">meningitidis bacteria thimerosal</font></b>, and lactose</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Meruvax I</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>mumps</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Merck &amp; Co., Inc. 800.672.6372 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">mumps live virus <b><font size="3">neomycin sorbitol</font></b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">hydrolized gelatin</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>NYVAC</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>(new smallpox batch, not licensed)</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b><font size="3">Aventis Pasteur</font></b> USA 800.VACCINE </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">highly attenuated vaccinia virus</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">polymyxcin B sulfate, streptomycin sulfate,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">chlortetracycline hydrochloride, and <b><font size="3">neomycin sulfate</font></b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">phenol -a compound obtained by distillation of coal</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">tar glycerin, and vesicle fluid from calf skins</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Orimune</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>oral polio</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Wyeth-Ayerst 800.934.5556 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b><font size="4">3 types of polio viruses, attenuated</font></b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><b><font size="4"><font face="Arial">neomycin, streptomycin sorbitol monkey kidney cells</font></font></b></font><br />
<font size="2"><b><font size="4"><font face="Arial">and calf serum</font></font></b></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Pneumovax</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Merck &amp; Co., Inc. 800.672.6372 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">capsular polysaccharides from polyvalent</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">(23 types) pneumococcal bacteria phenol</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Prevnar</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>Pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Wyeth Lederle 800.934.5556 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">saccharides from capsular Streptococcus</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">pneumoniae antigens (7 serotypes) individually</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">conjugated to diphtheria CRM 197 protein aluminum</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">phosphate, ammonium sulfate, soy protein, yeast</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>RabAvert</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>rabies</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Chiron Behring GmbH &amp; Company 510.655.8729 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">fixed-virus strain Flury LEP neomycin,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">chlortetracycline, and amphotericin B potassium</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">glutamate, and sucrose human albumin, bovine gelatin</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">and serum "from source countries known to be free of</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">bovine spongioform encephalopathy," and chicken</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">protein</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Rabies Vaccine Adsorbed</b> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">GlaxoSmithKline 800.366.8900</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">X 5231 rabies virus adsorbed beta-propiolactone,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">aluminum phosphate, thimerosal, and phenol red rhesus</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">monkey fetal lung cells</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Recombivax</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>recombinant hepatitis B</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Merck &amp; Co., Inc. 800.672.6372 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">genetic sequence of the hepatitis B virus</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">that codes for the surface antigen (HbSAg), cloned</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">into GMO yeast aluminum hydroxide, and thimerosal</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>RotaShield</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>oral tetravalent rotavirus (recalled)</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Wyeth-Ayerst 800.934.5556 1 rhesus monkey rotavirus, 3 rhesus-human</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">reassortant live viruses neomycin sulfate,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">amphotericin B potassium monophosphate, potassium</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">diphosphate, sucrose, and monosodium glutamate (MSG)</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">rhesus monkey fetal diploid cells, and bovine fetal serum</font></font></div> <br />
 <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial">Smallpox</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>(not licensed due to expiration) 40-yr old stuff</i></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>"found" in Swiftwater, PA freezer</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Aventis Pasteur USA 800.VACCINE </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">live vaccinia virus, with "some microbial</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">contaminants," according to the Working Group on</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Civilian Biodefense polymyxcin B sulfate, streptomycin</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">sulfate, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, and neomycin</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">sulfate phenol -a compound obtained by distillation of</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">coal tar glycerin, and vesicle fluid from calf skins</font></font></div> <br />
 <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Smallpox</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>(new, not licensed)</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Acambis, Inc. 617.494.1339</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">in partnership with Baxter BioScience highly</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">attenuated vaccinia virus polymyxcin B sulfate,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">streptomycin sulfate, chlortetracycline hydrochloride,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">and neomycin sulfate phenol -a compound obtained by</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">distillation of coal tar glycerin, and vesicle fluid</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">from calf skins</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>TheraCys BCG</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>(intravesicle -not licensed in US for tuberculosis)</i></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Aventis Pasteur USA 800.VACCINE </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">live attenuated strain of</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Mycobacterium bovis monosodium glutamate (MSG), and</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">polysorbate 80 (Tween-80)</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Tripedia</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>diphtheria - tetanus - pertussis</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Aventis Pasteur USA 800.VACCINE </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">tetani toxoids and acellular Bordetella</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">pertussis adsorbed aluminum potassium sulfate,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">formaldehyde, thimerosal, and polysorbate 80</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">(Tween-80) gelatin, bovine extract US sourced</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Typhim Vi</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>typhoid </i></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Aventis Pasteur USA SA 800.VACCINE </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">cell surface Vi polysaccharide from</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Salmonella typhi Ty2 strain aspartame, phenol, and</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">polydimethylsiloxane (silicone)</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>Varivax</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>chickenpox </i></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Merck &amp; Co., Inc. 800.672.6372 </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">varicella live virus neomycin phosphate,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">sucrose, and monosodium glutamate (MSG) processed</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">gelatin, fetal bovine serum, guinea pig embryo cells,</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">albumin from human blood, and human diploid cells</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">from aborted fetal tissue</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"><b>YF-VAX</b></font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><i>yellow fever</i> </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">Aventis Pasteur USA 800.VACCINE </font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">17D strain of yellow fever virus</font></font><br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial">sorbitol chick embryo, and gelatin</font></font></div> <br />
<div align="left"><font size="2"><font face="Arial"></B><b>Source:</b> <a href="http://www.informedchoice.info/cocktail.html" target="_blank">INFORMED CHOICE - Cocktail</a></font></font></div> <br />
<font size="2"><b>Thiomersal Use</b></font><br />
 <br />
<div align="center"><font size="2">..."<i>In the United States, countries in the European Union and a few other affluent countries, thiomersal is no longer used as a preservative in routine childhood </i><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" target="_blank"><i>vaccination schedules</i></a><i>.<SUP id=cite_ref-drugsaf_0-1 class=reference><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/#cite_note-drugsaf-0" target="_blank">[1]</a></SUP> In the U.S., the only exceptions among vaccines routinely recommended for children are some formulations of the inactivated influenza vaccine for children older than two years.<SUP id=cite_ref-4 class=reference><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/#cite_note-4" target="_blank">[5]</a></SUP> Several vaccines that are not routinely recommended for young children do contain thiomersal, including DT (</i><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Diphtheria" target="_blank"><i>diphtheria</i></a><i> and </i><a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/wiki/Tetanus" target="_blank"><i>tetanus</i></a><i>), Td (tetanus and diphtheria), and TT (tetanus toxoid); other vaccines may contain a trace of thiomersal from steps in manufacture."</i></font></div> <br />
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 <br />
 <br />
 <br />
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 <br />
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 <br />
<br />
<font size="2"><font face="Arial"><font size="3"><CENTER><a href="http://www.vaclib.org/basic/fluindex.htm" target="_blank"><b>( More Links for Flu Shot Dangers</b></a></CENTER></font></font><br />
</font></font></font></font><br />
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Peace be upon you<br />
 <br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel#cite_note-ecp_worldwide-2" target="_blank">Levonorgestrel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormone_receptor" target="_blank">Steroid hormone receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone" target="_blank">Testosterone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol" target="_blank">Estradiol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://www.toilets.com/Pdffiles/ToxicBibliography.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.toilets.com/Pdffiles/ToxicBibliography.pdf</a><br />
<a href="http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1316/html/circ1316chap8.html" target="_blank">USGS Circular 1316 Chapter 8: The Occurrence of Pesticides in the Bay Watershed</a><br />
<a href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Up+a+chemical+creek.+(Water+Pollution).-a091464623" target="_blank">Up a chemical creek. (Water Pollution). - Free Online Library</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhuman" target="_blank">Subhuman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermin" target="_blank">Vermin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(animal" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(animal</a>)<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide" target="_blank">Pesticide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare_agent" target="_blank">Chemical warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylmercury" target="_blank">Ethylmercury - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thimerosal" target="_blank">Thiomersal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-brain_barrier" target="_blank">Blood-brain barrier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment" target="_blank">Tuskegee syphilis experiment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html" target="_blank">OEHHA Proposition 65 - September 10, 2009 Proposition 65 List</a><br />
<a href="http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/CRNR_notices/list_changes/Reformatnotice.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/CRNR_...rmatnotice.pdf</a><br />
<a href="http://www.mindfully.org/Health/Mercurcy-Exposure-Nerves.htm" target="_blank">Retrograde degeneration of neurite membrane structural integrity of nerve growth cones following in vitro exposure to mercury NeuroReport v.12, n.4 26mar01</a><br />
<a href="http://torontochange.com/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=194" target="_blank">http://torontochange.com/index2.php?...o_pdf=1&amp;id=194</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" target="_blank">Taxonomic rank - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride" target="_blank">Mercury(II) chloride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></div>

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			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/breaking-down-understanding-our-enemies/">Breaking Down and Understanding Our Enemies</category>
			<dc:creator>Pragmatic</dc:creator>
			<guid isPermaLink="true">http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/breaking-down-understanding-our-enemies/40442-chemical-warfare-agents-thimerosal-neomycin-sulfate-k-flu-shots.html</guid>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>America tested Pesticides on Infants with video</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/breaking-down-understanding-our-enemies/40441-america-tested-pesticides-infants-video.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 07:06:41 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>video: 
  
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeToqt08SOM  
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), led by Bush appointees, plans to launch a new study in which participating low income families will have their children exposed to toxic pesticides over the course of two years. 
 
For taking part in...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>video:<br />
 <br />
<img src="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/images/misc_2/film_go.png"> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeToqt08SOM" target="_blank" >http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeToqt08SOM</a> <br />
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), led by Bush appointees, plans to launch a new study in which participating low income families will have their children exposed to toxic pesticides over the course of two years.<br />
<br />
For taking part in these studies, each family will receive $970, a free video camera, a T-shirt, and a framed certificate of appreciation.<br />
<br />
In October, the EPA received $2 million to do the study from the American Chemistry Council, a chemical industry front group that includes members such as Dow, Exxon, and Monsanto. The EPA's Linda Sheldon says the study is vital, because so little is known about how small children's bodies absorb harmful chemicals.<br />
<br />
 <br />
<b>The Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study</b> -- known by its acronym <b>CHEERS</b> -- does not mark the first time the agency has accepted chemical industry money to conduct research; <b><font size="3">the Clinton administration signed similar agreements. </font></b>But it represents the most money the chemical trade group has given the EPA. The chemical industry council represents about<b> 135 manufacturers and spends $20 million a year on research</b><br />
 <br />
As of press time, none of the EPA's employees are offering to have their own children take part in this research project.<br />
<br />
(ACC = American Chemistry Council who funded government study. List of sponsors below, including IG Farben)<br />
<br />
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="2"><i><div align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="2">The trick here is that these products are known to have negative long term health effects. This is a short two year study. In other words, the results of he study are already known...there will be little to no obvious short term negative effects on these children at the end of the two year period. The seemingly positive results of the study will allow the ACC to announce positive "EPA study results" to the public, which will allow the ACC to more effectively lobby congress to weaken regulations on these products even more (thereby increasing profits dramatically). This technique has been exercised by the ACC for decades.</font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="2">The real negative effects of these types of chemicals come further down the road, when these children could exhibit learning disorders, a propensity for various types of cancer, early puberty/ hormonal disruption, and birth defects in their children.</font></font><br />
</div></i></font></font> <br />
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="2"><i><img src="http://www.organicconsumers.org/images/bytes/africankid2.jpg" border="0" alt="" /></i></font></font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="1"><a href="http://www.organicconsumers.org/epa-alert.htm#poor" target="_blank"><font size="2"><font color="#006666"><b>Low income families </b></font></font></a><font size="2">have clearly been targeted in this study. Participants for the study will be chosen from 6 health clinics and three hospitals in Duval County, FL. According to the EPA study proposal,<i> "Although all Duval County citizens are eligible to use the [health care] centers, they primarily serve individuals with lower incomes. In the year 2000, seventy five percent of the users of the clinics for pregnancy issues were at or below the poverty level."</i> (p.23)</font></font></font> <br />
 <br />
<div align="left"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="1"><font size="2">These medical facilities report that 51% of their births are to non-white mothers and 62% of mothers have only received an elementary or secondary education. Again, according to the EPA study proposal, <i>"The percentage of births to individuals classified as black in the U.S. Census is higher at these three hospitals than for the County as a whole."</i> (pg.23). </font></font></font></div> <br />
 <br />
 <blockquote><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font color="white"><b>Characterization of the CHEERS study in Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida : </b></font></font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font color="white">The US EPA's Office of Research and Development's National Exposure Research Laboratory (ORD/NERL) proposes to conduct a two-year longitudinal field measurement study of young children's (aged 0 to 3 years) potential exposures to current-use pesticides and selected phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethes, and perfluorinated compounds that may be found in residential environments. The study will be conducted in Duval County, Jacksonville, Florida over a two-year period from 2004-2006. Sixty young children will be recruited into this study in two cohorts: (1) infants recruited into the study soon after birth, and , (2) children recruited into the study at approximately 12 months of age. The study involves up to six data collection events at each home during the two-year study period. During each event, environmental and biological samples will be collected to measure chemical concentrations and questionnaires will be administered to collect data that will be used to estimate aggregate exposures and to analyze the measurement data. Aggregate exposures will be estimated for the current-use pesticides and selected phthalates in the study. The data collected on the polybrominated diphenyl ethers and the perfluorinated compounds will be used to evaluate the potential magnitude for exposure and to determine the temporal and spatial variability of these chemicals in residences. The study will collect data to fill critical gaps in our understanding of very young children's exposure to chemicals in their residences. The study will help the Agency reduce uncertainty in exposure and risk assessments for children by providing data on exposure factors and validated tools for estimating children's expsure to contaminants, as well as providing much needed measurement data for model refinement. The exposure factors generated in this study will be included in the National Center for Environmental Assessment's (NCEA) Child Specific Exposure Factors Handbook. Additionally, the information will apear in the form of final EPA reports, journal articles, and will also be made publicly available in an electronic database for use by the scientific community, risk assessors, and risk managers.<br />
Ref: </font><a href="http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pfos.fr.doc.0006.cheers.04.pdf" target="_blank"><font color="white">Part A: Supporting Statement for Information Collection Request 2126.01</font></a><font color="white"> - </font></font></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><font size="2"><br />
<font color="white">Docket No. ORD-2003-0011-0006 attached to the March 3, 2004, Federal Register.</font></font></font><br />
</blockquote><a href="http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/cheers/cheers.duval.htm" target="_blank">CHEERS. INDEX To US EPA study in Duval County, Florida. Index page from Fluoride Action Network Pesticides Project.</a><br />
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<div align="center"><font size="3"><b>EPA Bans Staff From Discussing <br />
Issue of Perchlorate Pollution</b></font> </div><b>PETER WALDMAN / Wall Street Journal 28apr03</b><br />
<br />
The Bush administration has imposed a gag order on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from publicly discussing perchlorate pollution, even as two new studies reveal high levels of the rocket-fuel component may be contaminating the nation's lettuce supply.<br />
 <br />
<a href="http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/2003/Perchlorate-EPA-Ban28apr03.htm" target="_blank">EPA Bans Staff From Discussing Issue of Perchlorate Pollution PETER WALDMAN / Wall Street Journal 28apr03</a><br />
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<b><font size="3">New Study Suggests Perchlorate is Thyroid Danger to 44 Million American Women</font></b><br />
 <br />
<font size="3">Researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have just released findings that show that American women -- and especially women with low iodine intake -- are at risk of hypothyroidism due to common exposure to the toxin perchlorate. </font><br />
<a href="http://thyroid.about.com/od/toxictriggers/a/cdcperchlorate.htm" target="_blank">New Study Suggests Perchlorate is Thyroid Danger to 44 Million American Women</a><br />
<a href="http://thyroid.about.com/od/toxictriggers/Toxic_Chemicals_As_a_Cause_of_Thyroid_Disease_Perchlorate_Etc.htm" target="_blank">Toxic Chemicals As a Cause of Thyroid Disease -- Perchlorate, Pesticides, Etc.</a><br />
 <br />
 <br />
<b><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="4"><b><font face="Arial"><font size="4"><font face="Arial"><font size="4"><div align="left">EVIDENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL AND<br />
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF</div></font></font></font></font><font face="Arial"><font size="7"><font face="Arial"><font size="7">Perchlorate<br />
</font></font></font></font></b><b><font face="Arial"><font size="5"><font face="Arial"><font size="5">September 2005<br />
 <br />
</font></font></font></font></b><font face="Times New Roman"><div align="left"><font size="2">At a meeting of the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicant (DART) Identification</font><br />
<font size="2">Committee held on </font></div></font><div align="left"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="2"><font color="#0000ff">December 4, 2002</font></font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="2">, after considering a petition from several interested</font><br />
<font size="2">parties, the Committee asked OEHHA to take perchlorate out of the usual prioritization</font><br />
<font size="2">process order and to prepare a draft hazard identification document (HID) as resources</font><br />
<font size="2">were available. A public request for information relevant to the assessment of the</font><br />
<font size="2">evidence on the reproductive toxicity of this chemical was announced on April 11, 2003,</font><br />
<font size="2">in the </font></font><i><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="2">California Regulatory Notice Register</font></font></i><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="2">. Four sets of comments were received as a</font><br />
<font size="2">result of this request. These hazard identification materials were compiled to provide the</font><br />
<font size="2">Committee with the available scientific evidence on the reproductive toxicity potential of</font></font></div><font face="Times New Roman"><br />
<font size="2">this chemical, and were released on May 20, 2005 for a 60-day public comment period.</font><br />
</font><div align="left"> <br />
<font face="Times New Roman"><font size="2">At its August 11, 2005 meeting, following discussion and deliberation, the Committee, by</font><br />
<font size="2">a vote of five against and one abstention, did not find that perchlorate had been “clearly</font><br />
<font size="2">shown through scientifically valid testing according to generally accepted principles to</font><br />
<font size="2">cause reproductive toxicity.” Accordingly, perchlorate was not placed on the Proposition</font></font></div><font face="Times New Roman"><br />
<font size="2">65 list of chemicals known to the state to cause reproductive toxicity.</font><br />
</font><div align="left"> <br />
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION<br />
 </div></font></font></font></font></b><div align="left"><b><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><u>Ammonium perchlorate</u></font> has been and continues to be used as an oxidizer in solid rocket</font></b><b><font face="Times New Roman">propellant. Sodium perchlorate is used in slurry explosive, and potassium perchlorate is </font></b><b><font face="Times New Roman">used in road flares and air bag inflation systems. Large volumes of perchlorate have been</font></b><br />
<b><font face="Times New Roman">disposed of since the 1950’s. Some of this has<u> leached into soil, and into aquifers used as</u></font></b><br />
<b><font face="Times New Roman"><u>drinking water sources</u>. Perchlorate is highly mobile in aqueous systems and can persist</font></b><br />
<b><font face="Times New Roman">for many decades under typical ground and surface water conditions. As discussed in</font></b><br />
<b><font face="Times New Roman">more detail in the Attachments, <font size="3"><u>perchlorate blocks uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland </u></font></font></b><font face="Times New Roman"><u><font size="3"><b>that may lead to decreased synthesis of the thyroid hormones, T</b><b>3 and T4</b></font><b>. </b></u></font><br />
 <br />
<font size="4"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>These thyroid </b></font><b><font face="Times New Roman">hormones are critical determinants of growth and development in fetuses, infants and</font></b><b><font face="Times New Roman">young children. Among the sensitive subpopulations identified are pregnant women and </font></b><b><font face="Times New Roman">their fetuses, lactating women, and infants.</font></b></font></div><a href="http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/hazard_ident/pdf_zip/perchlorate91405.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/hazar...orate91405.pdf</a><br />
 <br />
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<TABLE class=text border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TBODY><TR><TD><div align="center"><b>US: Lockheed Martin's Tests on Humans<br />
<br />
<br />
Aerospace contractor pays Californians $1,000 to eat thyroid toxin in first large-scale human test of water pollutant <br />
<br />
Environmental Working Group<br />
November 27th, 2000<br />
</b></div></TD></TR><TR><TD></TD><TR><TD class=text><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">SAN BERNARDINO, Calif. -- On behalf of military contractor Lockheed Martin, Loma Linda University is conducting the first large-scale tests of a toxic drinking water contaminant on human subjects -- a precedent medical researchers and Environmental Working Group condemned as morally unethical and scientifically invalid. </font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">The Los Angeles Times reported Nov. 27 that Loma Linda Medical Center in San Bernardino is paying 100 people $1,000 to eat a dose of perchlorate every day for six months. Perchlorate is a toxic component of rocket fuel that damages thyroid function, preventing healthy development of fetuses and children and causing cancer. It is found in </font></font><a href="http://www.corpwatch.org/article/%20http:/%20http:/CAperchlorate.html" target="_blank"><b><u><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font color="#0000ff">hundreds of water supplies in California</font></font></font></u></b></a><font face="Arial"><font size="2">, most of them in Los Angeles and surrounding counties. Although Loma Linda researchers defended their study by claiming that perchlorate also has therapeutic value, EWG has learned that its use as a medicine has been discredited since 1966, when Israeli researchers reported that large doses caused deaths and severe illness among already-ill test subjects. </font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">The Times quoted Richard Wiles, research director of Environmental Working Group, who said, "These tests are inherently unethical." (</font></font><a href="http://www.corpwatch.org/article/%20http:/%20http:/lomalinda.html" target="_blank"><b><u><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font color="#0000ff">Documents from the Loma Linda study are available here.</font></font></font></u></b></a><font face="Arial"><font size="2">) "It shouldn't take a rocket scientist to know that medical researchers shouldn't feed toxic chemicals to humans," Wiles added. </font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">The Loma Linda subjects are being fed up to 83 times the "safe" level of perchlorate currently set by the state health department, which is expected to review its perchlorate standards in coming months. Next year, the U.S. EPA will begin national testing of water supplies for percholorate in preparation for adopting national standard </font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">If Lockheed Martin can persuade the state and EPA not to set strict standards for perchlorate in drinking water, the company will save millions of dollars in cleanup costs. The rocket maker is also being sued for unspecified damages by a group of San Bernardino County citizens who suffer thyroid cancer and other disorders from ingesting perchlorate that leached from a now-closed Lockheed Martin plant into area water supplies. According to the Riverside Press-Enterprise, the residents' attorney, Gary Praglin, said of the Loma Linda study: "I think they ought to be ashamed of themselves." </font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">The Times said the Loma Linda study, sponsored by both Lockheed Martin and the U.S. Air Force, is apparently the first large-scale study to use human subjects to test the harmful effects of a water pollutant. The EPA has no protocols or regulations for human testing, and to date only industry-sponsored studies have employed human subjects. In September the agency's science advisory panel said human testing should be used only with "the greatest degree of caution." </font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">But two members of the panel dissented strongly, calling the studies dangerous and insufficient to judge the safety of pollutants, especially for children. In their dissent, EPA panel members Dr. Herb Needleman of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Dr. J. Routt Reigart of the Medical University of South Carolina wrote that allowing human testing "lays the ground for a flood of research that should not be conducted and should not be accepted by the EPA for regulatory purposes." </font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">In an editorial today, the Los Angeles Times noted that Lockheed Martin claims "It is trying to promote science and human health, but the study is designed in ways that could downplay perchlorate's dangers. . . . Regulators should be wary of dubious research like the Lockheed study." </font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">The director of the Loma Linda study, Dr. Anthony Firek, defended the use of human subjects by saying that perchlorate is also used as a therapeutic drug in rare cases to treat hyperthyroidism. He said if perchlorate were only a toxic pollutant, he would have declined to conduct the human tests. </font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">But use of perchlorate as a hyperthyroidism treatment has been discredited for more than 30 years. </font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">In 1966 Israeli researchers conducted a study in which large doses of perchlorate were fed to a group of 76 patients with hyperthyroidism. The study found 10 serious complications among the group, including two deaths, one of a patient who developed aplastic anemia, where bone marrow fails to produce blood cells, and another who died of agranulocytosis, where there is a marked decrease in a type of white blood cell critical to immune function. In addition to the fatalities, there were two more cases of agranulocytosis and two of leukopenia, a significant decrease of white blood cell count. The authors wrote: "In our opinion the results do not justify the continued use of perchlorate in the therapy of thyrotoxicosis." In a report on the Loma Linda tests in this week's U.S. News &amp; World Report, Dr. Gina Solomon of the Natural Resources Defense Council, member of a recent EPA advisory committee, said: "They are giving people a chemical that flunked as a medicine." </font></font><br />
 <br />
<a href="http://www.acoem.org/pubs/joem/0800abs.htm#Ammonium" target="_blank"><b><u><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font color="#0000ff">A recent study by the Arizona state health department of infants near Lake Mead, Ariz.</font></font></font></u></b></a><font face="Arial"><font size="2">, which is contaminated with perchlorate, found that many were born with altered thyroid function. The director of the study, Dr. Ron Breckner, told EWG he was surprised that the Loma Linda subjects were not told of the 1966 Israeli study. </font></font><br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">In a </font></font><a href="http://www.corpwatch.org/article/%20http:/%20http:/behrens.html" target="_blank"><b><u><font face="Arial"><font size="2"><font color="#0000ff">letter to the president of Loma Linda University</font></font></font></u></b></a><font face="Arial"><font size="2">, EWG warned that the ethical and scientific cloud over human testing means that "the human subjects in this experiment, including Loma Linda University students in all likelihood, will have accepted risks during the course of an experiment that will yield results that are unusable for any regulatory purposes." </font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">"I am writing to express serious ethical, scientific, and policy concerns about this human study, and to strongly urge the university to terminate it immediately," EWG President Ken Cook wrote in a Nov. 22 letter to Loma Linda President B. Lyn Behrens. Cook said Loma Linda should not "be complicit in a corporate strategy to permit long-term perchlorate contamination of tap water, and associated exposure to many thousands of individuals in proximity to the University, in large parts of Southern California, and in other states." </font></font><br />
 <br />
<font face="Arial"><font size="2">Cook also urged the Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Center, where some of the Loma Linda tests are being conducted, and Boston University, which employs one of the researchers, to terminate their participation in the study. </font></font><br />
</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><br />
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<a href="http://www.corpwatch.org/article/%20http:/%20http:/article.php?id=11219" target="_blank">CorpWatch*:*US: Lockheed Martin's Tests on Humans</a><br />
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 <br />
The American Chemistry Council represents the leading companies in the business of chemistry. Our companies make the products that make modern life possible. ACC members have made a voluntary commitment to uphold the highest standards for protecting health, safety, and the environment. Our member companies are also taking a leadership role in ensuring that chemistry facilities are secure.<br />
 <br />
<div align="left"><font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">A</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.adityabirla.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Aditya Birla Group*</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.aftonchemical.com/index.htm" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Afton Chemical Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.airliquide.com/en/home.html" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Air Liquide USA LLC</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.airproducts.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Air Products and Chemicals Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.akzonobel.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Akzo Nobel Chemicals, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.albemarle.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Albemarle Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.andersondevelopment.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Anderson Development Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.archchemicals.com/default.asp" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Arch Chemicals, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.aristechacrylics.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Aristech Acrylics LLC</font></font></a><font color="white"> <br />
</font><a href="http://www.arkema-inc.com/index.cfm" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Arkema Inc.</font></font></a><font color="white"> <br />
</font><a href="http://www.ashland.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Ashland Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.averydennison.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Avery Dennison Performance Polymers</font></font></a><br />
<br />
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<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">B</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.basf.com/corporate/index.html" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">BASF Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.bayer.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Bayer Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.bio-cide.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Bio-Cide International, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.bluestarsilicones.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Bluestar Silicones USA Corp.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.bp.com/lubricanthome.do" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">BP Lubricants USA, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.brenntagnorthamerica.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Brenntag North America, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.wateradditives.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">BWA Water Additives US LLC</font></font></a><br />
<br />
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<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">C</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.cabot-corp.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Cabot Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.canexus.ca/site/company/company30.php" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Canexus*</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.caruscorporation.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Carus Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.celanese.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Celanese</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.champ-tech.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Champion Technologies, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://chemtradelogistics.com/index.htm" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">CHEMTRADE</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.chemtura.com/" target="_blank"><font color="white"><font color="#808080">Chemtura</font><br />
</font><a href="http://www.chevron.com/PRODUCTS/oronite/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Chevron Oronite Company LLC</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.cpchem.com/enu/index.asp" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.churchdwight.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Church &amp; Dwight Co., Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.cognis.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Cognis Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.compassminerals.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Compass Minerals International, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.crodausa.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Croda, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
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<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">D</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.daikin-america.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Daikin America, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.dakotagas.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Dakota Gasification Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.diversifiedip.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Diversified Industrial Products</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.dixiechemical.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Dixie Chemical Company, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.djgchemical.com/index.htm" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">DJG Chemical, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.dorfketalusa.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Dorf Ketal Chemicals, LLC</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.doverchem.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Dover Chemical Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.dow.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Dow</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.dowcorning.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Dow Corning Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.dupont.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">DuPont</font></font></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">E</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.eastman.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Eastman Chemical Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.eldoradochemical.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">El Dorado, Nitrogen, L.P.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.lilly.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Eli Lilly and Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.eliokem.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Eliokem, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.emdchemicals.com/corporate/emd_corporate.asp" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">EMD Chemicals, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.ercoworldwide.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">ERCO Worldwide Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.ethyl.com/Ethyl+Landing+Page.htm" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Ethyl Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.evonik.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Evonik Degussa Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.rohmax.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Evonik RohMax USA, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.exxonmobilchemical.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">ExxonMobil Chemical Company</font></font></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">F</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ferro.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Ferro Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.fmc.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">FMC Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">G</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.gantrade.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Gantrade Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.generalcarboncompany.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">General Carbon Company, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">H</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.hallstar.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">The HallStar Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.halocarbon.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Halocarbon Products Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.harborchem.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Harborchem</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.hexion.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Hexion Specialty Chemicals</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.honeywell.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Honeywell</font></font></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
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<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">I</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.astaris.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">ICL North America</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.inentecchemical.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">InEnTec Chemical LLC</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.ineos-nova.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">INEOS NOVA, LLC</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.infineum.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Infineum USA L.P.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.innospecinc.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Innospec Specialty Chemicals</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.ispcorp.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">ISP Chemco, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
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<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">J</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.jcichem.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">JCI Jones Chemicals, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.matthey.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Johnson Matthey</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.jones-hamilton.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Jones-Hamilton Co.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
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<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">K</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ksallc.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">KAO Specialties Americas LLC</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.kemira.com/Group/English/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Kemira Chemicals Peroxygens</STRONG></font></font></a><b><font color="white">*<br />
</font></b><a href="http://www.kmgb.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">KMG Chemicals, Inc.</STRONG></font></font></a></a><br />
<a href="http://www.kuehnecompany.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Kuehne Chemical Company, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
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<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">L</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://us.lanxess.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">LANXESS Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.linde.com/international/web/linde/like35lindecom.nsf/docbyalias/nav_lindegroup" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Linde North America, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.lubrizol.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">The Lubrizol Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<br />
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<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">M</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.3m.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">3M</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.mapllc.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Marathon Petroleum Company LLC</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.merck.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Merck &amp; Co., Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.merichem.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Merichem Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.merisol.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Merisol USA LLC</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.methanex.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Methanex Corporation*</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.mexichem.com.mx/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Mexichem Fluor SA. de CV.*</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://millikenchemical.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Milliken Chemical, A Division of Milliken &amp; Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.mitsubishichemical.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Mitsubishi Chemical USA, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.mitsui.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Mitsui &amp; Co. (USA), Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.monsanto.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Monsanto Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.meadwestvaco.com/chemicals.nsf" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">MWV Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.myriant.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Myriant Technologies, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
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<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">N</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.nalco.com/ASP/index.asp" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Nalco</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.niacet.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Niacet Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.novachem.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">NOVA Chemicals, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.novamolecular.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Nova Molecular Technologies, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.novomer.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Novomer, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
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<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">O</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.oxy.com/Our_Businesses/chemicals/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Occidental Chemical Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.olin.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Olin Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.omgi.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">OM GROUP, INC.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.omnova.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">OMNOVA Solutions, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
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<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">P</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.perstorppolyols.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Perstorp Polyols, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://corporateportal.ppg.com/ppg/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">PPG Industries, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.pqcorp.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">PQ Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.praxair.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Praxair, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.pgchemicals.com/default.asp" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Procter &amp; Gamble, Chemicals Division</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.pvschemicals.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">PVS Chemicals, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
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<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">Q</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">R</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ril.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Reliance Industries Limited*</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.rhodia.com/us/home_tunel.asp" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Rhodia Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.rochecolorado.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Roche Colorado Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.dsm.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Royal DSM N.V.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.rtvanderbilt.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
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<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">S</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.sabic-ip.com/gep/en/Home/Home/home.html" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">SABIC Innovative Plastics*</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.sartomer.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Sartomer Company, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.svminerals.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Searles Valley Minerals</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.shellchemicals.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Shell Chemical LP</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.shepchem.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">The Shepherd Chemical Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.siigroup.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">SI Group</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.sikausa.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Sika Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.snf.us/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">SNF Holding Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.solutia.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Solutia Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.solvayamerica.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Solvay America, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.stepan.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Stepan Company</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.sumitomo-chem.co.jp/english/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Sumitomo Chemical America, Inc.*</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.sunocoinc.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Sunoco, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
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<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">T</font></b></font><br />
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<a href="http://www.taminco.com/" target="_blank"><font color="white">Taminco</font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.texasbrine.com/" target="_blank"><font color="white">Texas Brine Company, LLC</font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.txpetrochem.com/" target="_blank"><font color="white">Texas Petrochemicals Inc.</font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.totalpetrochemicalsusa.com/home/default.asp" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Total Petrochemicals USA, Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">U</font></b></font><br />
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<a href="http://www.univarusa.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Univar Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">V</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.vertellus.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Vertellus Specialties Inc.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.vertexchemical.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Vertex Chemical Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.vitalchem.com/en/inside.asp" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Vital Chemicals Co., Ltd.</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.vivenano.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Vive Nano</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">W</font></b></font><br />
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<a href="http://www.wacker.com/internet/noc/?locale=en_US" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">Wacker Chemical Corporation</font></font></a><br />
<a href="http://www.grace.com/" target="_blank"><font color="#808080"><font color="white">W. R. Grace &amp; Co.</font></font></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/newreply.php?do=newreply&amp;noquote=1&amp;p=172630#top" target="_blank"><font color="white">« back to top</font></a><br />
<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">X</font></b></font><br />
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<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">Y</font></b></font><br />
<br />
<br />
<font color="#4e5755"><b><font color="white">Z</font></b></font><br />
<br />
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<div align="left"><font color="white">* International Member</font><br />
<font face="arial"><font size="1"><font color="white">Updated: November 2009</font></font></font></div> <br />
 <br />
<a href="http://www.americanchemistry.com/s_acc/sec_directory.asp?CID=250&amp;DID=616" target="_blank">americanchemistry.com : member companies</a><br />
 <br />
 <br />
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Peace be upon you</div>

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			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/breaking-down-understanding-our-enemies/">Breaking Down and Understanding Our Enemies</category>
			<dc:creator>Pragmatic</dc:creator>
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			<title>Motherhood</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/revolutionary-daily-thoughts/40440-motherhood.html</link>
			<pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 06:00:04 GMT</pubDate>
			<description><![CDATA["Motherhood is not by accident, or instinct as in the animal world.  Motherhood is an art that is cultivated and taught.  It is the legacy." Rosalind R. 
 
More... (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/RevolutionaryDailyThoughts/message/1665)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>&quot;Motherhood is not by accident, or instinct as in the animal world.  Motherhood is an art that is cultivated and taught.  It is the legacy.&quot; Rosalind R.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/RevolutionaryDailyThoughts/message/1665" target="_blank">More...</a></div>

]]></content:encoded>
			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/revolutionary-daily-thoughts/">Revolutionary Daily Thoughts</category>
			<dc:creator>The Talking Drum Collective</dc:creator>
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			<title>Placebos of Black Political Power</title>
			<link>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/40437-placebos-black-political-power.html</link>
			<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 21:19:58 GMT</pubDate>
			<description>By Ezrah Aharone 11/09 
 
The election of President Barack Obama is shifting America’s axis of race in ways that have yet to be politically quantified.  But from a standpoint of Black political leadership, it signals a definite “changing of the guards.”  The once-popular preacher/protester ilk of...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>By Ezrah Aharone 11/09<br />
<br />
The election of President Barack Obama is shifting America’s axis of race in ways that have yet to be politically quantified.  But from a standpoint of Black political leadership, it signals a definite “changing of the guards.”  The once-popular preacher/protester ilk of leadership from the 1960s finds itself gasping for 21st century oxygen, as young Black leaders are card-carrying democrats who can now “eyeball” whomever they please. <br />
<br />
Perception suggests that African Americans are finally becoming politically powerful as a people.  But every industrialized nation with an ethnically diverse population has a general “pecking order” of power, starting with the dominant group most able to leverage capital might into political influence that shapes foreign, domestic, and military policies.  All other simulations of power (freedoms of speech, press, assembly etc.) are like political window-dressings of democracy that may boost patriotism, but lack utility for minority people to command such influence.<br />
<br />
Similarly, people who’ve taken “Placebo” sugar pills, sometimes experience boosts in health, being that they psychologically expect and believe the tablets contain “medicinal properties” to cure them.  In much the same way, America’s placebos (civil rights, integration, citizenship) have given us expectations and beliefs of power, when in reality, they lack the “political properties” of control (sovereignty, independence, statehood) wielded by Euro-Americans . . . Which is exactly why our centuries-old ailments remain largely uncured. <br />
<br />
Although upcoming generations of Black leaders are digesting Americanization more easily, I’m reminded of Winston Churchill who remarked that Euro-Americans will always “do the right thing, after they’ve exhausted all alternatives.”  And so, racial progress and the rise of Black political leaders cannot be disconnected from America’s habitual militarism and its 21st century requirements for economic survivability . . . Honestly, how much longer could we be coaxed into voting for White multimillionaires and fighting ambiguous wars abroad if we still faced stark Jim Crowness here?     <br />
<br />
But whether you believe it or not, there remains unvoiced resentment towards civil rights leaders for pricking lasting nerves.  Euro-Americans have a known nationalist tendency of not liking to be cited or corrected of their political flaws and flagrances.  So naturally this establishment welcomes fresh, race-neutral Black leaders who skillfully steer around the systemic/endemic nature and ramifications of America’s racial inequities, which Obama faultlessly personifies. <br />
<br />
Part of his ascension involved soothing the historical burdens of White guilt, while keeping civil rights leaders at arms-length to prevent staining his political immaculacy of White acceptance.  As such, he cryptically foretold during his campaign that “he’s rooted in the Black community, but not limited by it.” <br />
<br />
My question is – What crime did we commit as a people where someone would have to present such a political defense for himself?  If everyone is “equal” why then, conversely, is he “not limited by the White community” since he’s also half-White?  Most troubling however is the unseen, unchallenged “source” that compelled him to make this disclaimer since it holds proven capabilities to diminish us, as Black people, beneath the respect and political worth that all people deserve. <br />
<br />
Despite such subliminal credence to Whiteness, the repercussions of centuries of Euro-American greed and immoralities are heading homeward to roost.  Not only is America experiencing an internal crisis of leadership and financial upheaval, its international integrity and superpower image are jeopardized, as the world community frowns upon its brash war escapades.  In response, it has become strategically expedient for Euro-American males to deflect the government’s aggression away from themselves.<br />
<br />
Similar to the Lone Ranger designating Tonto “the leader” (after being surrounded by angry Indians) the establishment hopes Obama and other Black leaders like Attorney General Eric Holder and UN Ambassador Susan Rice, can convey a “placebo appearance” that the US government is no longer a big, bad, all-White wolf with the blood of Black and Brown people dripping from its fangs.  Together, they put a converted face of “change” on what otherwise is a contiguous history of “Euro-American hegemony as usual.” <br />
<br />
Yes, America is multicultural.  Yes, Africans in America are making progress.  But in our honest pursuit of political power – via the leadership tutelage of Euro-Americans – it is our spiritual responsibility to question if we, in the process, are becoming proxy participants in a 21st century continuation of the same “interloping for resources” that initially barbarized us and Native Americans, under the pretext of “freedom and democracy.”  <br />
<br />
 <br />
<br />
Ezrah Aharone is the author of two political books: Sovereign Evolution and Pawned Sovereignty.  He is also a founding member of the Center for Sovereignty Advancement.  He can be reached at <a href="mailto:Ezrah@theCSA.org">Ezrah@theCSA.org</a>.</div>

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			<category domain="http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/">Open Forum</category>
			<dc:creator>Moorbey</dc:creator>
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