Islam: Ethiopia's last gift from GOD

[Pragmatic]

...."There are many races which make up our world, however these races are broken up by many "nationalistic ethnicities". While many confuse race and ethnicity as one in the same, an ethnic group can be a group of people sharing a common religion or national heritage or even a common cultural tradition. Race is not determined by belief or choice to belong to a group, but rather we are all born into our race. A race is a “local geographic or global human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical characteristics.” (dictionary.com)



John G Jackson in Ethiopia and the Origin of Civilization notes on page 8 .....

...."In modern geography the name Ethiopia is confined to the country known as Abyssinia, an extensive territory in East Africa. In ancient times Ethiopia extended over vast domains in both Africa and Asia.

In the History of Ethiopia, Vol. 1. by Sir E.A Wallis Budge notes that, "Homer and Herodotos call all the "peoples of the Sudan, Egypt, Arabia, Palestine and Western Asia and India, Ethiopians".

The vestiges of this early civilization have been found in Nubia, the Egyptian Sudan, West Africa, Egypt, Mashonaland, India, Persia, Mesopotamia, Arabia, South America, Central America, Mexico, and United States. Any student who doubts this will find ample evidence in such works as:

• Stolen Legacy by George G.M. James
• The Voice Of Africa, by Dr. Leo Froebenius
• Prehistoric Nations and Ancient America, by John D. Baldwin
• The Growth of Civilization, by W.J. Perry

Prophet Muhammed the Ethiopian


In 1898-99 the expedition of the Vienna Academy to Shabwa was organized and conducted by Count Landberg and D. H. Mueller which, however, owing to several difficulties and disagreements, did not accomplish the desired results. Other expeditions have since engaged in the active work of exploration. The results of all these expeditions have been threefold: geographical, epigraphical, and historical. These results have opened the way not only to fresh views and studies concerning the various ancient South-Arabian dialects, such as Minean, Sabean, or Himyarite, Hadramautic, and Katabanian, but have also shed unexpected light on the history of the old South-Arabian kingdoms and dynasties. These same discoveries have also thrown considerable light on Old Testament history on early Hebrew religion and worship, and on Hebrew and comparative Semitic philology.

The Old Testament references to Arabia are scanty. The term Arab itself, as the name of a particular country and nation, is found only in later Old Testament writings, i.e. not earlier than Jeremias ( century B.C.). In older writings the term Arab is used only as an appellative, meaning "desert," or "people of the desert," or "nomad" in general. The name for Arabia in the earliest Old Testament writings is either Ismael, or Madian (A.V., Ishmael, or Midian) as in the twenty-fifth chapter of Genesis, which is a significant indication of the relative antiquity of that remarkable chapter. The meaning of the term Arab can be either that of "Nomad," or "the Land of the Setting Sun," i.e. the West, it being situated to the west of Babylonia, which was considered to be the Biblical record of Genesis 11, as the traditional starting point of the earliest Semitic migrations. By the ancient Hebrews, however, the land of Arabia was called "the Country of the East," and the Arabs were termed "Children of the East," as the Arabian peninsula lay to the east of Palestine.
THE NORTH-ARABIAN MUSRI AND THE OLD TESTAMENT

The cuneiform inscriptions of Assyria have thrown considerable light on various geographical localities in North Arabia, having important bearing on the history of the ancient Hebrews and on the critical study of the Old Testament. The importance of these new facts and researches has of late assumed very bewildering proportions, the credit for which unmistakably belongs to Winckler, Hommel, and Cheyne. It is needless to say that however ingenious these hypotheses may appear to be they are not as yet entitled to be received without Were we to believe, in fact, the elaborate theories of these eminent scholars, a great part of the historical events of the Old Testament should be transferred from Egypt and Chanaan into Arabia; for, according to the latest speculations of these scholars, many of the passages in the Old Testament which, until recently, were supposed to refer to Egypt (in Hebrew, Misraim) and to Ethiopia (in Hebrew, Kush) do not really apply to them but to two regions of similar names in North Arabia, called in the Assyro-Babylonian inscriptions Musri, or Musrim, and Chush, respectively. They hold that partly by means of editorial manipulation and partly by reason of corruption in the text, and in consequence of the faded memory of long-forgotten events and countries, these two archaic North-Arabian geographical names became transformed into names of similar sound, but better known, belonging to a different geographical area namely, the Egyptian Misraim and the African Chush, or EthiopiaThe two most important kingdoms of ancient Arabia are that of the Mineans (the m'dbzm of the Old Testament) and that of the Sabeans, whence the Queen of Saba came to pay her homage of respect and admiration to King Solomon. A third kingdom was that of Kataban, a fourth, Hadramaut, as well as those of Lihyan, Raidan, Habashah, and others. The Minean Kingdom seems to have flourished in southern Arabia as early as 1200 B.C., and from the various Minean inscriptions found in northern Arabia they seem to have extended their power even to the north of the peninsula.

The Katabanian state, with its capital, Taima, was ruined some time in the second century after Christ, probably by the Sabeans. Towards the beginning of our Era the three most prominent and powerful Arab states were the Sabean, the Himyarite, and that of Hadramaut. In the fourth century the Himyarites, aided by the Sassanian kings of Persia, appear to have had a controlling power in southern Arabia, while the Abyssinians were absolute rulers of Yemen. These, however, although pressed by Himyar and temporarily confined to the Tehamah district (A.D. 378), succeeded, in 525, with the help of the Byzantine Emperor, in overthrowing the Himyarite power, killing the king and becoming the absolute rulers of South Arabia. In 568 the Abyssinians were finally driven out of Arabia, and the power restored to the Yemenites; this vassal kingdom of the Persian Empire lasted until the year 634, when it was absorbed, together with all the other Arabian States, by the Mohammedan conquest. * remember state

Such was the political condition of southern Arabia previous to the time of Mohammed. Of central Arabia little or nothing is known. In northern and north-western Arabia there flourished the Nabataean Kingdom, the people of which, though Arabian by race, nevertheless spoke Aramaic. The Nabataeans must have come from other parts of Arabia to the North some time about the fifth century B.C., for at the beginning of the Machabean period we find them already well established in that region. Shortly before the Christian Era, Antigonus and Ptolemy had in vain attempted to gain a footing in Arabia; and Pompey himself, victorious elsewhere, was checked on its frontiers. During the reign of Augustus, Aelius Gallus, the Roman Prefect of Egypt, with an army composed of 10,000 Roman infantry, 500 Jews, and 100 Nabataeans, undertook an expedition against the province of Yemen. He took by assault the city of Nejran, on the frontier of Yemen, and advanced as far as Marib, the capital of Yemen, but, owing to the resistance of the Arabs and the disorganization of his army, which was unaccustomed to the heat of the tropical climate of Arabia, he was forced to retreat to Egypt without accomplishing any permanent and effective conquest. Later attempts to conquer the country were made by Roman governors and generals under Trajan and Severus, but these were mostly restricted to the neighbourhood of the Syrian frontiers, such as Nabatea, Bosra, Petra, Palmyra, and the Sinaitic peninsula.

Another North-Arabian kingdom was that of Hira, situated in the north-easterly frontier of Arabia adjoining Irak, or Babylonia. Its kings governed the western shore of the lower Euphrates, from the neighbourhood of Babylon down to the confines of Nejd, and along the coast of the Persian Gulf. It was founded in the second century of the Christian Era and lasted about 424 years, i.e. till it was absorbed by the Mohammedan conquest. The kings of Hira were more or less vassal to their powerful neighbours, the Sassanian kings of Persia, paying them allegiance and tribute. Another Arabian state was that of Ghassan whose kings ruled over considerable part of northwestern Arabia, lower Syria, and Hijaz. It was founded in the first century of the Christian Era and lasted till the time of Mohammed. The Kingdom of Ghassan was frequently harassed by Roman and Byzantine encroachments, and by unequal alliances. In both these kingdomhttp://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01663a.htms (i.e. Hirah and Ghassan) Christianity made rapid progress, and numerous Christian communities, with bishops, churches, and monasteries, flourished there. (For CHRISTIANITY IN ARABIA, see below.)


Another Arabian kingdom was that of Kindah, originally from Irak, or north-eastern Arabia, and Mesopotamia. This rather short-lived and weak kingdom began about the fifth century of the Christian Era and ended with Mohammed, i.e. about one century and a half later. Its power and authority extended for a time over the whole northern section of Nejd and as far south as Oman. Besides these independent kingdoms, various Arab tribes, such as that of Koreish, to which Mohammed belonged, Rabeeah, Qays, Hawazin, Tamim, and others, were constantly endeavouring to assume independent power and authority. But their efforts and hopes were finally and permanently shattered by the Mohammedan conquest, which put an end to all tribal factions and preponderances by uniting them all into one religious and political kingdom, the Kingdom of Islam.

By 525, when the Black Ethiopian Axumites regained dominance in Arabia, overthrew the upstart Himyarite power, and destroyed its fledging ambition, Ethiopia-Axum was entering into its waning period of political dominance in the region.
In 568 the Black Ethiopian-Axumites were lost their political dominance in Arabia. Political power became more localized and the native Yemenites gradually replaced the Ethiopian aristocracy. Eventually this nascent kingdom was again conquered by the Persians, and it became a vassal kingdom of the Persian Empire until the year 634, when it was absorbed, together with all the other Arabian States, by the Mohammedan conquest.

Habeshet

A nation is a form of self-defined cultural and social community

Nationhood is an ethical and philosophical doctrine and is the starting point for the ideology of nationalism. Members of a "nation" share a common identity, and usually a common origin, in the sense of history, ancestry, parentage or descent.

A nation extends across generations, and includes the dead as full members. Past events are framed in this context; for example; by referring to "our soldiers" in conflicts which took place hundreds of years ago. More vaguely, nations are assumed to include future generations.

Though a nation is not identical to a state, the people of a nation-state consider themselves a nation; while traditionally monocultural, it may also be multicultural in its self-definition.

The term nation is often used as a synonym for ethnic group (sometimes "ethnos"), but although ethnicity is now one of the most important aspects of cultural or social identity, people with the same ethnic origin may live in different nation-states and be treated as members of separate nations for that reason. National identity is often disputed, down to the level of the individual.

NOTE****NO WONDER IT TOOK 1300 years!!!

Almost all nations are associated with a specific territory, the national homeland

Some live in a historical diaspora, that is, mainly outside the national homeland


In casual usage, the terms "country," "nation," and "state" are often used as if they were synonymous; but in a more strict usage they can be distinguished:

Country denotes a geographical area

Nation denotes a people who are believed to or deemed to share common customs, origins, and history. However, the adjectives national and international also refer to matters pertaining to what are strictly states, as in national capital, international law

State refers to the set of governing institutions that has sovereignty over a definite territory

*NOTE***The king acts as the highest court of appeal and has the power to pardon in Saudi Arabia

Because he "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" is a capitalist; in his economic system the property is owned and operated by "The Kingdom" ie. private persons operating for profit, private persons operating for investments, distribution, income, production and pricing of goods and services are determined through the operation of a market economy supported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia who invites Foreign companies to participate in the pursuit of the policy of free market enterprise, economic diversification, structural shift from building the infrastructure to the production of goods and services and the subsequent increasing reliance on the private sector as the major economic force. "PAID IN FULL"




Etymology

The word state and its cognates in other European languages (stato in Italian, état in French, Staat in German and estado in Spanish/Portuguese) ultimately derive from the Latin status, meaning "condition" or "status."

With the revival of the Roman law in the 14th century in Europe, this "Latin" term was used to refer to the legal standing of persons (such as the various "estates of the realm" - noble, common, and clerical), and in particular the special status of the king. The word was also associated with Roman ideas (dating back to Cicero) about the "status rei publicae", the "condition of the republic." In time, the word lost its reference to particular social groups and became associated with the legal order of the entire society and the apparatus of its enforcement.

The United States government's Office of Inter-American Affairs or Office for Coordination of Commercial and Cultural Relations between the American Republics (OCCCRBAR) was established in 1940 to promote increased inter-American interference, especially in commercial and economic areas, as they see fit. It was renamed Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA) in 1941 and Office for Inter-American Affairs in 1945.


Coordinator of OCCCCRBAR and OCIAA (1940 - 1944) Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller

By an Executive order *( they are the Executive order) of August 31, 1945, the informational activities of the Office of Inter-American Affairs were transferred to the Department of State; and by an Executive order of April 10, 1946, the Office was so-called "abolished" and its but if it was "abolished" how did it's remaining functions and responsibilities get transferred, anywhere, and especially to the State Department.


Note *this is what is commonly known as collusion and conflict of interest

The Department also supports the foreign affairs activities of other U.S. Government entities including the United States Department of Commerce and the U.S. Agency for International Development. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visit or immigrate to the U.S.

...."Collusion is an agreement, usually secretive, which occurs between two or more persons to deceive, mislead, or defraud others of their legal rights, or to obtain an objective forbidden by law typically involving fraud or gaining an unfair advantage. It can involve "wage fixing, kickbacks, or misrepresenting the independence of the relationship between the colluding parties." All acts affected by collusion are considered void".

The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level "foreign affairs agency" of the United States government, equivalent to foreign ministries in other countries. It is administered by the Secretary of State Condelleza Rice.

How long has Arabia been autonomous from Ethiopian rule?


answer: 76 years!!!

From June 8, 632 advent of Islam until Saudi Arabia claimed the principal regions of Al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and Hejaz the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

It took 1300 years for them to find there own identity, GOD willing, one national identity that exonerated them from there African roots.

Islam

Islam in Ethiopia dates back to 615. During that year, a group of Muslims were counseled by the Prophet Muhammad to escape persecution in Mecca and travel to Ethiopia, ( *note they didn't have to travel far they were still apart of Ethiopia), which was ruled by, in the Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) estimation, a just Christian king. The Prophet Muhammad's followers sought refuge in the Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum, possibly settling at Negash. Moreover, Islamic tradition states that Bilal, one of the foremost companions of the Prophet Muhammad, was from Ethiopia......"Ethiopia was thus the earliest home outside of Saudi Arabia for the dispersal of the Islamic world faith. (*Saudi Arabia came into existence 1300 years later, end note)
(*How could Prophet Muhammed Peace be upon the brotha, travel to to the Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum, when in fact he lived in it.....end note)***


**Actually this is equivalent to leaving San Diego to go to California.

This means that Islam is the last religion GOD ordained in Africa **Arabia under Ethiopian rule until the uniting of Arabia under Islam, where Arabia began to become autonoumous, under Islam, they didn't stop being Ethiopian.


..."Muhammad gained few followers early on, and was largely met with hostility from the tribes of Mecca;This historic event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Muhammad managed to unite the conflicting tribes, and after eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to ten thousand, conquered Mecca. He succumbed on Monday, June 8, 632 , on returning to Medina from his 'Farewell pilgrimage', Muhammad fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of Arabia had converted to Islam".

King Abdul Aziz, "founder" of Saudi Arabia began conquering in 1902, consecrated Saudi Arabia as a nation in 1932.

It took all of 1300 years before Saudi Arabia claimed its country as a nation not a *state; independent of federation, dispute,or as a country subdivion.

There was no treaty's signed.

Today Arabia is a Absolute monarchy which is a "monarchical form of government" where the monarch has the power to rule his or her land or country and its citizens freely.


This autonomous territory was controlled In the 3rd century,by the Aksum Empire which began interfering in South Arabian affairs, controlling at times the western Tihama region among other areas . By the late 3rd century it had begun "minting" its own currency and was named by Mani as one of the four great powers of his time along with Persia, Rome, and China. It converted to Christianity in 325 or 328 under King Ezana and was the first state ever to use the image of the cross on its coins. At its height, Aksum controlled northern Ethiopia, Eritrea, northern Sudan, southern Egypt, Djibouti, Yemen, and southern Saudi Arabia, totalling 1.25 million km².

After a second golden age in the early 6th century, the empire began to decline, eventually ceasing its production of coins in the early 7th century.

The Empire of Aksum at its height extended across portions of present-day Eritrea, northern Ethiopia, Yemen, southern Saudi Arabia northern Djibouti, and northern Sudan

Proto-Tigrayans and Proto-Amharas are believed to be the main ethnicity of the empire of Axum in the first millennium AD. Their language, in form of Ge'ez, remained the language of later Ethiopian imperial court as well as the Eritrean and Ethiopian Orthodox Church.

The Aksumite people represented a mix of a Semitic-speaking people, Cushitic-speaking people, and Nilo-Saharan-speaking people (the Kunama and Nara) collectively known as Habeshas.

The Aksumite kings had the official title ነገሠ ፡ ነገሠተ ngś ngśt - King of Kings (later vocalization Ge'ez ንጉሠ ፡ ነገሥት nigūśa nagaśt, Modern Ethiosemitic nigūse negest). Aksumite kings traced their lineage to Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. This royal heritage and title was claimed and used by all emperors of Ethiopia.

At its peak, Aksum controlled territories as far as southern Egypt, east to the Gulf of Aden, south to the Omo River, and west to the Nubian Kingdom of Meroe. The South Arabian kingdom of the Himyarites and also a portion of Western Saudi Arabia was also under the power of Aksum. At this point in time the majority of the citizens of Aksum were one of the ancestors of the present day Amhara and Tigray,the Biher-Tigrigna (also Tigrinya speakers) and Tigre of Eritrea.



In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members, and today all UN members are fully sovereign states. However, four of the original members (Belarus, India, the Philippines, and Ukraine) were not independent at the time of their admission. Moreover, because a state can only be admitted by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly, some entities which may be considered sovereign states according to the Montevideo Convention are not members due to the fact that the UN do not consider them to be sovereign states, the lack of international recognition or opposition from certain members.


Sovereignty ("by God" or "by people") must be distinguished from its exercise by branches of government.


In democratic states, sovereignty is held by the citizenry. This is known as popular sovereignty; it may be exercised directly, as in a popular assembly, or, more commonly, indirectly through the election of representatives to government. This is known as a representative democracy, a system of government currently used in most countries.

Popular sovereignty also exists in other forms, such as in constitutional monarchies, usually identical in political reality as in the Commonwealth realms. Systems of representative democracy can also be mixed with other methods of government, for instance the use of referenda in many countries.

*In this model, national sovereignty is of an eternal origin, such as nature, or a god, legitimating the divine right of kings in absolute monarchies or a theocracy.

A more formal distinction is whether the law is held to be sovereign, which constitutes a true state of law: the letter of the law (if constitutionally correct) is applicable and enforceable, even when against the political will of the nation, as long as not formally changed following the constitutional procedure. Strictly speaking, any deviation from this principle constitutes a revolution or a coup d'état, regardless of the intentions.

In constitutional and international law, the concept of sovereignty also pertains to a government possessing full control over its own affairs within a territorial or geographical area or limit, and in certain context to various organs possessing legal jurisdiction in their own chief, rather than by mandate or under supervision. Determining whether a specific entity is sovereign is not an exact science, but often a matter of diplomatic dispute.

(Until the 1960s, a majority of the Saudi Arabian population was nomadic; but presently more than 95% of the population is settled, due to rapid economic and urban growth. As recently as the 1950s, the Saudi Arabia’s slave population was estimated at 450,000 — 20% of the population.[29][30] Slavery was finally abolished in 1962.)

Around 85 percent of Saudis are ethnically Arab


A political division is a geographic region accepted to be in the jurisdiction of a particular government entity. On the large scale, a political division is typically a country, while administrative divisions including states, counties, cities, and others can also be defined. It is common to see political divisions drawn out on political maps.


The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States was a treaty signed at Montevideo, Uruguay on December 26, 1933, at the Seventh International Conference of American States. At this conference, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull declared the so-called Good Neighbor Policy, which opposed U.S. armed intervention in inter-American affairs. This was a diplomatic attempt by Franklin D. Roosevelt to reverse the perception of "Yankee imperialism," brought about by policies instituted (largely) by his predecessor, President Theodore Roosevelt. The convention was signed by 19 states, 3 with reservations (United States, Brazil and Peru[1]).

The convention sets out the definition, rights and duties of statehood. Most well-known is article 1, which sets out the four criteria for statehood that have sometimes been recognized as an accurate statement of customary international law:

The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states.

Furthermore, the first sentence of article 3 explicitly states that "The political existence of the state is independent of recognition by the other states." This is known as the "declarative theory of statehood".

Some have questioned whether these criteria are sufficient, as they allow less-recognized entities like the Republic of China or even entirely non-recognized entities like the Principality of Sealand to claim full status as states. According to the alternative constitutive theory of statehood, a state exists only insofar as it is recognized by other states. It should not be confused with the Estrada doctrine.

There have also been attempts to further broaden the convention's definition, although they have gained less support. Founders of non-territorial micronations commonly assert that the requirement in the Montevideo Convention of a defined territory is in some way wrong-headed, for largely unspecified reasons. Some non-territorial entities, notably the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, are indeed considered subjects of international law, but these do not aspire to statehood

The constitutive theory of statehood defines a state as a person of international law if, and only if, it is recognized as sovereign by other states. It is the opposing point of view to the declarative theory of statehood, which defines statehood in terms of several de facto characteristics of a region. The constitutive theory is merely a theoretical construct as it has neither been codified by treaty nor widely recognized in international law.


The declarative theory of statehood defines a state as a person of international law that meets certain structural criteria.
A document that is often quoted on the matter to is the Montevideo Convention (1933), Article 1 of which states:

"The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states.
Article 3 of the Convention declares that statehood is independent of recognition by other states. In contrast, recognition is considered a requirement for statehood by the constitutive theory of statehood.


It took all of 1300 years before Saudi Arabia claimed its country as a nation not a *state; independent of federation, dispute,or as a country subdivion.




Habesha

The term "Habesha" was formerly thought by some to be of Arabic descent (who used the word Habash, also the name of an Ottoman province comprising parts of modern-day Eritrea), because the English name Abyssinia comes from the Arabic form.

South Arabian expert Eduard Glaser claimed that the hieroglyphic ḫbstjw, used in reference to "a foreign people from the incense-producing regions" (i.e. Punt, probably located around southern Eritrea, northern Ethiopia, and the Sudanese border) used by Queen Hatshepsut ca. 1460 BC, was the first usage of the term or somehow connected, a claim repeated by others; however, this etymology is not at all certain, given the large time difference in the usage of the terms.[3]

In the past, scholars like Hiob Ludolf and Carlo Conto Rossini postulated that the ancient communities that evolved into the modern Ethiopian state were formed by a migration across the Red Sea of Semitic-speaking South Arabians around 1000 BC who intermarried with local non-Semitic-speaking peoples. Indeed, the ancient Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum ruled much of Southern Arabia including Yemen until the rise of Islam in the 7th century, and both the indigenous languages of Southern Arabia and the Amharic and Tigrinya languages of Ethiopia are South Semitic languages. However, the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, is now known to not have derived from Sabaean, and there is evidence of a Semitic speaking presence in Ethiopia and Eritrea at least as early as 2000 BC.[8][9] There is also evidence of ancient Southern Arabian communities in modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea in certain localities, attested by some archaeological artifacts and ancient Sabaean inscriptions in the old South Arabian alphabet. However, scholars like Stuart Munro-Hay point to the existence of an older D’mt or Da'amot kingdom, prior to any Sabaean migration ca. 4th or 5th c. BC, as well as evidence of to Sabaean immigrants having resided in Ethiopia for little more than a few decades[10] Furthermore, there is archeological evidence of a region in Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea also called Saba, now referred to as Ethiopian Saba to avoid confusion.

The Black African kingdoms of Arabia
By
Ogu Eji Ofo Anu

The Himyarites: Yemen, Hadramaut, Oman

Yemen is one of the oldest inhabited portions of the Arabian Peninsula. It includes the entire southwest quarter, which possesses many advantages in climate and soil. Yemen was a colony of early Black Africans until the Arabized Arabs who are described in the preceding paragraph gradually infiltrated it. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the Himyarites/Yemenites (and Hadramutians) are the same group of peoples as the African Ethiopians.

They are genetically, linguistically, and physically identical with Ethiopians. This may perhaps explain the reason why the ancient Greeks and Roman writers believed that Arabia was a political extension of Ethiopia Kush. (See Catholic Encyclopedia: Arab)

Even today, the similarity is so striking that one cannot fail to observe the clear connectedness between the Ethiopian tribes who live on both sides of the Red Sea.

Encyclopedia Britannica states that: “Yemenis of “northern” origin are thought to have descended from Mesopotamians who entered the region in the 1st millennium BC (mixed breed Arabized Arabs). The “southern” group represents the South Arabian stock (original African Ethiopian peoples), and the Arabic of the rural areas of former South Yemen is still heavily influenced by the ancient African Semito/Cushitic (i.e.South Arabian) languages.

The two groups maintain disparate genealogies and historical traditions concerning their roles and origins: The northern Yemenis trace their ancestry to Isma’il (Ishmael) through his descendant ‘Adnan, whereas their southern countrymen claim descent from Qahtan (the biblical Joktan).” As has been amply demonstrated, a branch of the Cushitic Ethiopian people whom later historians named the Sabeans settled South Yemen. They are a kindred nation of the Ethiopian Amharas, Tigreyans, and Eriterians (with possible addition from the Oromos) sharing a similar language, culture, architecture, religion, literature and written scripts.

Migrating from Ethiopia Kush, those Africans first settled in extreme southern west of the Peninsula (ie. Saudi). They then spread northward and eastward over Yemen, Hadramaut and Oman. Those Black Africans were later called the Himyarites after the name of one of their more famous states. The word Himyar is a synonym for dark or dusky, indicating the racial origin of these ruling peoples of early Arabia.

The Black Ethiopians were renowned international maritime traders of the ancient times. In the 1st century BC the coastal Himyarites, with control of the sea routes, established their dominion over Saba, and over the other south Arab kingdoms during the 1st century AD. They effectively monopolized supply of both indigenous resins (frankincense and myrrh – sought after by every temple of the ancient world) and imports of spice, textiles and ivory from India and East Africa.

The Ethio-Yemenite/Himyarites were a highly cultured people, masters of engineering and architecture. They were also a highly literate society that exhibited a great love for literature and written records. The Himyaritic language had a written script which for the most part is lost, but the few discovered fragments of the script suggests that it is African in origin and character. Its grammar is almost identical with the written Semitic languages of Ethiopia.

According to older versions of the Encyclopedia Britannica: “The institutions of Yemen bear a close resemblance to African types. The inhabitants of Yemen, Hadramaut, Oman and the adjoining districts, in the shape of the head, colour, length and slenderness of limbs and scantiness of hair, point to an African origin.” Even in these modern times, these Himyarites (Yemenites) still identify culturally with the Black (so-called sub-saharan) people of African Ethiopia, Arabia Kush and Arabia Musri

Even today, it is accepted that a common tread of language, culture, religion and physical human type occur in the Arabia as well as East Africa (**for all specific purposes Arabia is East Africa, end note).

Hack writers and imperialists intelligentsia have tried to explain away these very phenomena because they destroy the foundation of their racialist assumptions. Yet, some obnoxious racist historians and their unsupported lies cannot erase 50,000 years of African ownership of the Arabian Peninsula,

To further buttress the thesis of this article, it appears that they were two principalities in Arabia known as Kush or Ethiopia and Musri or Misraim. The two names are synonyms of very famous nations that existed in Africa from the dawn of time. Mizraim refers to Egypt whilst Kush refers to modern day Sudan and Ethiopia.

Ancient Assyrian, Greek, and Roman writers regularly referred to Arabia as part of Ethiopia populated by the same race of people. Assyrian, Greek and Roman texts also confirm that at least two Kingdoms of Arabia were denoted similarly as two of the most prominent undeniably African countries. Although not much is known about these principalities of Arabia Kush and Musri, there are sufficient snippets of information gathered from different ancient fragments including Assyrian text to give one an idea of these principalities.

In 1320 BC Shalmaneser I, began ruling Assyria. He subjugated many tribes and brought them within the political sway of Assyria. His records have him as having marched against the land of Musri (i.e. Arabia Musri or Mizraim also known as Arabia Egypt), in Northern Arabia. This is a clear reference to a polity in Arabia that shared certain deep connections with Egypt in Africa.

Assurbanipal, a King of ancient Assyria also repeatedly spoke of his various successful expeditions into and conquests in the lands of Musri, Magan, Meluhha, and Kush in Arabia. This is another very important reference source on the existence of a Kushitic political establishment in ancient Arabia.

About 1120-1110 B.C. Tiglath-pileser I, became King of Assyria in place of his father Asshur-resh-ishi. Tiglath-pileser also recorded his exploits against the Musri or Mizraim of ancient Arabia. See “A Brief Overview Of Assyrian History From Early Beginnings To Sargon II” by Lishtar: Gateway

However one sees it, the ancient African Arabian connection cannot be escaped. In those days, it was the Black Africans that set the initiate and determined the agenda.


Their colonization of Arabia is obvious from the fact that they knew to name those settlements in Arabia after the names of the African regions from where they originated.

Kingdoms of Arabia

The two most important kingdoms of ancient Arabia were that of the Mineans and that of the Sabeans. An African Kushitic branch of people who migrated from Ethiopia established those two principalities and many others which we shall presently consider.

Minean

The Minean Kingdom seems to have flourished in southern Arabia as early as 1200 B.C., and from the various Minean inscriptions found in northern Arabia they seem to have extended their power even to the north of the peninsula. Their principal cities were Main, Karnan, and Yatil. The Sabeans, after two centuries of repeated and persistent attacks, succeeded in overthrowing the rival Minean Kingdom and thence became the central power in Arabia.

Sheba/Saba

The memories of the Queen of Saba retain some of the greatest national legends and inspirational themes of the modern Ethiopian state. The Queen of Sheba was actually a real historical queen of Ethiopia known as Makeda. She was the founder of the last Ethiopian dynasty, which began with Menelik the First and ended with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia in 1974.

Whereas the memory of Empress Makeda is so pervasive and dominant in Ethiopia’s historical and cultural consciousness, there is virtually no living memory of this great Empress in Yemen. People of Yemen have no living traditions on the Queen of Sheba nor of any dynasty based on this great Empress of Africa. Thus Ethiopia appears to be the more plausible center of her historical empire. (editor's note* The sistah worshipped the "one GOD above herself" , and she glorified ALLAH above herself, and she "probably" had any images of her destroyed, end note)

According to tradition, and the Kebra Negast, this Empress had inherited a farflung and powerful empire from her father Anagbo and built it to greater extents. Its reaches stretched from Arabia to India. Her capital was located on the Ethiopian mainland, and ruins of her palaces are top line tourist attraction for anyone who has ever visited Ethiopia.

Sheba/Saba appears to have been one of her principalities that was established in Arabia. It also served as a major trade center for the caravan route.

Without doubt, the Sabans were as black-skinned as the Ethiopians whom the Greeks thought were the blackest people in the world. The Shebans were an Ethiopian people, who had long lived in fertile parts of the Arabian Peninsula close to the coast of their African homeland. Sheba was as much a part of Ethiopia as Scotland is a part of Britain.

The Sabean, or Himyaritic, Kingdom (the Homeritae of the classics) is thought to have become increasing independent of Ethiopia and to have flourished either contemporaneously (D. H. Mueller) or after (Glaser, Hommel) the Minean Kingdom.

Its administrative center was Marib (the Mariaba of the Arabian classics) famous for its dam, the breaking of which is often mentioned by later Arabic poets and traditions as the immediate cause of the fall of the Sabean power. Saba, however was still prominent till about 300 A.D., when it was regained by the African Ethiopians.

Kataban

A third kingdom was that of Kataban, another Black African established principality, which gave rise to the modern Oman. The capital of Kataban was named Timna and was located on the trade route which passed through the other kingdoms of Hadramaut, Saba and Ma’in.

The chief diety of the Katabanians was Amm, probable connected with Ammon or Amun the chief God of Ancient Egypt and the people called themselves the “children of Amm” hence the modern day Arabic name Oman a cognate of the name Ammon.

Oman is one of those Gulf States still predominantly African in phenotype despite years of miscegenation. The Katabans were shrewd international traders of spices and perfumed which were primarily sourced from Ethiopia and Mozambique.

Together with their neigbours in Hadramut and Saba and Ethiopia, Kataban was known as the land of spices. The Sabeans destroyed the Katabanian state, with its capital, Timna, around the second century after Christ.

Hadramut and Habashah

A fouth Kingdom, Hadramaut, is also a very closely connected with Ethiopia and Somalia. Ethiopian/Kushitic Arabs built another kingdom called Habashah. The nexus between Habashah and Ethiopia is demonstrated by the fact that in Ethiopia there is a tribe of people known as Habashah who are kindred to the Habashas of South Arabia.

Tradition holds that the Ethiopian Habashah crossed over to Yemen and established the principality of Yemeni Habashah. These two Habashahs still maintain very close cultural links and there is virtually no difference between the Habashahs of Arabia and the Habashahs of Ethiopia.
The African Axumites and the Black Arabs:

The land of Punt was recognized by the ancient Egyptians as the land of the gods, of spices of incense and sweet perfumes. It was said the gods loved to be in that land due to its aromatic pungency. Punt was in those days the most prolific and ancient source of spices and incense. Punt was not only a sacred land it was also a country of great wealth which came from its ancient maritime trade through which it supplied incense and spices to the world.

The land of Punt was said to be located somewhere in the current modern state of Ethiopia. It was located just across the Red Sea close to the Bab-El-Manden. It was peopled by Black African Kushites. Many principalities rose on the surge of it’s pre-eminence.

One must note that Axum was neither the first nor the greatest Ethiopian civilization. Adulis (a famous sea-port of great antiquity), for instance had an older existence than Axum. Moreover, there are archaeological discoveries illustrating pre- Axumite civilization and culture, located at Coloe (some 20 km from Adi Qeyih), Yeha (near Axum), Tokanda (near Coloe). Axum is an indigenous African civilization which harmoniously blends in the proto-Afro-Semitic cultural complex of Ethiopia with the Afro-Cushitic Ethiopian cultural strain.

The Cushitic/Semitic- Black African Axumites had long dominated the coastal Red Sea trade before the establishment of the first Black Arab principality. They had grown successful off the lucrative ancient trade in spices and perfumes. Frankincense and myrrh, cinnamon, precious stones and metals were indigenous to their country. International trade was second nature to them since Punt was one of the oldest, if not the oldest maritime capital of the world.

Ethiopia was characterized by the practice of agriculture via irrigation and terracing. Ethiopians had knowledge of wheat and barley long before 1000 B.C. Soft wheat cultivation was concentrated around the centers of Axum, Harar and Addis Ababa. “The farmers of Arwe used the plough and the hoe or digging stick to prepare their fields for cultivation.” From here the plough was taken to South Arabia. (Winters, 2006). *Please take note of South Arabia

Moreover, the expertise developed by the Southern Arabian monumental stone builders could have only been worked out in Ethiopia because in Ethiopia was the nearest and the most abundant stone quarries of the region, whereas Arabia being mostly desert and coast had little source of natural stones. It is logical to assume that stone building traditions must have developed in a region that had abundant stones even though it may later have dispersed to outlaying areas.

The African Ethiopian-Axumites, began ruling parts of Himyar (e.g. the Tehama/Tihama district) way before 1000 B.C. although grudge-filled western historians with an agenda against Black Africans would only concede A.D. 378 as the beginning of the over lordship. Yet there is repletion of evidence suggesting Ethiopia’s historical overweening influence over Arabia.

According to Fattovich: during the late 2nd millennium BCE, a cultural complex arose in the Tihama region of Yemen and northern Ethiopia and Eritrea (specifically Tigray Region, central Eritrea, and coastal areas like Adulis). Based on the profusion of archeological, cultural and textual evidence an African origin has been posited. (Fattovich, Rodolfo 1997)

By 525, when the Black Ethiopian Axumites regained dominance in Arabia, overthrew the upstart Himyarite power, and destroyed its fledging ambition, Ethiopia-Axum was entering into its waning period of political dominance in the region.

In 568 the Black Ethiopian-Axumites were lost their political dominance in Arabia. Political power became more localized and the native Yemenites gradually replaced the Ethiopian aristocracy. Eventually this nascent kingdom was again conquered by the Persians, and it became a vassal kingdom of the Persian Empire until the year 634, when it was absorbed, together with all the other Arabian States, by the Mohammedan conquest.







The Original Black Arabs of Arabia - Part 2
By
Ogu Eji-Ofo Annu

Arabia the Daughter of Kush

The classical Greek and Roman writers commonly accepted the division of Arabia into Deserta (desert), Felix (happy), and Petraea (stony). Not much is known today about the exact configuration of those divisions.

Arab geographers of the Islamic period divided Arabia generally into five provinces: The first is Yemen, embracing the whole south of the peninsula and including Hadramaut, Mahra, Oman, Shehr, and Nejran. The second is Hijaz, on the west coast and including Mecca and Medina, the two famous centres of Islam. The third is Tehama, along the same coast between Yemen and Hijaz. The fourth is Nejd, which includes most of the central table-land, and the fifth is Yamama, extending all the wide way between Yemen and Nejd. This division is also inadequate, for it omits the greater part of North and East Arabia. (How Saudi Arabia unfolds...)

A more recent division of Arabia, according to politico-geographical principles, is into seven provinces: Hijaz, Yemen, Hadramaut, Oman, Hasa, Irak, and Nejd. It has always been the assertion of experts that certain tribes that lived on the coast of Yemen and on the coast of Ethiopia and Eriteria were almost identical. The linkages between Ethiopia Kush and Arabia must be considered in the context of any discourse on Arab people, or more precisely stated the Black Africans of Arabia.

Ethiopia-Kush

As stated in the preceding paragraph, the key to understanding the origin and culture of the Arabs is through African Kushitic Ethiopia.

Contacts between eastern Africa and Arabia have existed since the time immemorial. Archeological evidence has demonstrated that Africans of the Caspian culture probably moved across the Strait of Bab El Mandel and implanted the same Caspian culture in Arabia on the other side of the strait. See Leaky, L.S.B., Stone Age Africa pp 38-78.

The Strait of Bab-El-Mandel, which separates Africa from Arabia, is quite narrow at some points averaging a couple of days journey on a sea raft or small canoe. Communication and travel have consequently been possible since pre-historic times.

It will thus not be a surprising claim to the well informed that East African people (being the first aboriginals of the earth) have long settled in Arabia as the original inhabitants. For instance, besides the Caspian culture, African people also founded the so-called Afro-Arabian Tihama cultural complex in the mid-2nd millennium.

In addition to the coastal site of Adulis in Eritrea and sites farther inland in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Sudan, vestiges of the Tihama cultural complex are represented on the Saudi coastal plains and the western and southern coasts of Yemen. (Fattovich 1997).

Moreover, African settlements were further stimulated by the growth of the Egyptian state from the 4th millennium onward, with more extensive migration of African population in Arabia around the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C.

Semitic speaking settlers from Ethiopia-Kush settled in Arabia built complex cultures and civilizations of which the later Assyrians, Greeks, Romans and Jews would document for coming generations. See Josephus Book 1.

Long before Yemen had become a politically articulated entity, the Ethiopian-Axumites had built many powerful states along the coast of Red Sea and the hilly countries of Ethiopia such as ancient Adulis, Coloe, Yeha Tokanda, and the so called Ethio-Sabean state of Daamat (circa 800-600 B.C.) etc.

Ethiopia-Axum, the ancient dominant power in the region, gradually incorporated the African-Yemenites into its political sway. By 12th century B.C. Southern Arabia fell under the complete control of the Ethiopian-Axumites through their long domination of the Red Sea trade routes. The first kingdom built by the Ethiopian-Axumites in Arabia was Saba just across the straits in Yemen in 800 B.C. See Ephraim Isaac and Cain Felder, “Reflections on the Origins of the Ethiopian Civilization”, Eight International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, November 1984. Successive civilisations of Mineans, Sabaeans and Himyarites interacted closely with their counterparts in Ethiopia.

For a while the Ethiopian-Kushitic Arabs focussed their energies on the Yemeni side of the coast in states like Saba and Daamat. Products were shipped into Yemen from Ethiopia and exported all over the world through the Red Sea.

Following the decline of Saba and Daamat, the international trade hub moved to the kingdom of Axum on the opposite side of the Red Sea coast. From its seaports such as Adulis, Ethiopian-Kushites, Axum’s trade network extended from Egypt as far as India.

Axum survived for more than 2500 years as a great state dominating the Red Sea regions although western historians would grudgingly concede 800 years. It occupied and ruled southern Arabia for part of this period. Utilitarian Aksumite pottery has been found in large quantities in deposits from the 5th and 6th centuries in the Yemen Hadramawt, suggesting that there may have been substantial immigration during that period. Axumites descended groups such as the Habashahs, still live in southern Yemen today fully cognizant of their African origins and connections.

Indeed, interaction between Yemen and Ethiopia in ancient times is sometimes compared with the historical relationship between Europe and America, with the Red Sea as substitute for the Atlantic Ocean.


THE BEJA PEOPLE: HABITAT AND HISTORY

Another important group of Black African groups who contributed genetically, and culturally to the formation of the Arabs are the Bejas otherwise called the Blemmyes. It appears that "The Blemmyes" as encountered in classical literature provided the foundation for the ethnic group known today as Bedouins.

The indigenous Beja people are nomads who have inhabited the semi-desert area in the Red Sea coast of Sudan and the hilly country behind it for thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians referred to them as the people of Buka or Medju (Medjay), the Romans dubbed them Blemmyes and in the Odessa they were described as Erembes. They are a Kushitic-Khemitic people who spoke a mixed dialect of semitic and Cushitic language. They identify themselves today as the most original and ancient of the Arab tribes.

Kemitic Pharaohs called them Absha, meaning ‘the desert dwellers’ – that is, the Bedouins in Arabic language - and Ramses II called them Beja, purporting fighters’. Thus one can reasonably see the Bejas as fulfilling the Arab Bedouin archetype of the fearsome, nomadic owners of the Sahara, highly temperamental but compassionate.

Throughout history, they have been regarded as very efficient fighting machines. It is important to note that besides the Nubians, it is well documented that the Beja were employed in the Egyptian army and were credited for their courage and fortitude during the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt.

The Roman Historian Ammianus Marcellinus inspite of his odious ethno-centrism provides us more clues on the racial and ethnic identity of the earliest Arabs. In his book The Roman History, Book XIV.iv.1-7. (380 A.D.)) the Saracens a named that was used to describe the Arabs in both ancient and modern times (stems most likely from the Arabic Sarqiyyun, meaning ‘easterners’) were described as the Blemmys tribes who lived along the banks of the Nile beyond the cataracts.

According to Ammianus Marcellinus:
“Book XIV.4:

...." At this time also the Saracens, a race whom it is never desirable to have either for friends or enemies, ranging up and down the country, if ever they found anything, plundered it in a moment, like rapacious hawks who, if from on high they behold any prey, carry it off with a rapid swoop, or, if they fail in their attempt, do not tarry. And although, in recounting the career of the Prince Marcus, and once or twice subsequently, I remember having discussed the manners of this people, nevertheless I will now briefly enumerate a few more particulars concerning them."

Among these tribes, whose primary origin is derived from the cataracts of the Nile and the borders of the Blemmyae, all the men are warriors of equal rank; half naked, clad in colored cloaks down to the waist, overrunning different countries, with the aid of swift and active horses and speedy camels, alike in times of peace and war. Nor does any member of their tribe ever take plow in hand or cultivate a tree, or seek food by the tillage of the land; but they are perpetually wandering over various and extensive districts, having no home, no fixed abode or laws; nor can they endure to remain long in the same climate, no one district or country pleasing them for a continuance.

Their life is one continued wandering; their wives are hired, on special covenant, for a fixed time; and that there may be some appearance of marriage in the business, the intended wife, under the name of a dowry, offers a spear and a tent to her husband, with a right to quit him after a fixed day, if she should choose to do so. And it is inconceivable with what eagerness the individuals of both sexes give themselves up to matrimonial pleasures.

But as long as they live they wander about with such extensive and perpetual migrations, that the woman is married in one place, brings forth her children in another, and rears them at a distance from either place, no opportunity of remaining quiet being ever granted to her. They all live on venison, and are further supported on a great abundance of milk, and on many kinds of herbs, and on whatever birds they can catch by fowling. And we have seen a great many of them wholly ignorant of the use of either corn or wine.”

The Black African Bejas/Saracens also called the Blemmys gave to the Arabs of today (blacks and pales) the knowledge to live in the Sahara as well as the most basic cultural elements that define the Bedouin culture including nomadic identity, marital culture and martial arts. For instance, the war-like Blemmyes (Beja) had normally fought with curiously shaped bows, and it was from them that the tribes of Hijaz and Yemen (in Arabia) – and the other Arab tribes – adopted the use of the bow. Historically, the Beja ruled the vast territory of theirs (laying between Northern Nigeria and Sudan) in five kingdoms – namely, the Naqis, Baqlin (Taflin), Bazin, Jarin and Qat’a (Qit’a, also perhaps Qas’a).

Arabia Petra

Arabia Petra spread between African Kushitic Egypt and Mesopotamia (another African kushitic area in the ancient times) (Josephus). It was originally settled by an early branch of the Cushitic Ethiopian people who spoke a proto-type semitic dialect.

The Beja’s known as the ancient Blemmyes one of the earliest known nomadic tribes to dwell in the deserts of Africa and Arabia probably provided the founding population of Arabia Petra.

Other sections of the African population from the early Caspian culture and other culture complex centered on Ethiopia Axum and Ethiopia Kush may have equally contributed to the early settlement of Arabia Petra.

Some of these early African Black Arabs crossed the Red Sea whilst others migrated overland through the Nile valley into Arabia. Arabia Petrea thus became an early blending pot of African cultures. Due to this cultural ferment many nomads soon abandoned their wandering lives to establish sophisticated towns and cities together with the more sedentary population. These melange later became known as the Nabateans and their capital was Petra. (Drussilla Houstons) See also Nabataea: Arabia.

During the Roman period, the word Arab was a synonymy for Nabatean and vice versa. When the Romans incorporated Nabatea into their Empire, it was officially designated as the Province of Arabia. Numerous sculptures found in Arabia Petra clearly depict its population as African through their physical features. One classical example is that of Emperor Philip of Arabia one of the later Emperors of Rome, who was indigenous to Arabia Petra. His sculptures demonstrate that physically speaking, Emperor Philip of Arabia was a Black man of African descent.

Arabia Felix

Arabia Felix laid further south of Petra. Arabia Felix was bounded by the Shiraz region of the Persian Gulf, the Eritrean or Red sea (Africa) as well as the Indian Ocean. This country was rich in spices and in it was situated the famous cities of Mecca and Medina.

Here was the country of the Yemenis, the Habashas, the Sabas, the Hadramautians and the Mineans. All these were sections of the Ethiopian-Axumite tribes similar to the Amharas, the Oromos and the Tigriyeans, who had expanded the ancient lucrative spice trade to Arabia.

It should be noted that in addition to coffee, Ethiopia is the original homeland of incenses such as frankincense, myrrh, and spices like cinnamon.

The traditional African planters of these cash crops and the African maritime operators of this most lucrative of ancient trades extended their operations from Ethiopia across the straits of Bab-el-Mandel to take advantage of the fertile land and the natural habours of Arabia Felix, which subsequently became export hubs of the ancient trade. (See Strabo,geography Book XVI.iv.19). Produce was shipped routinely from the highlands of Ethiopia into Ethiopian owned- Arabia Felix for exports to the rest of the world.

Given the historical, genetic, physical and geographical proximity between Ethiopia and Arabia Felix and the similarity of the cultural expression of both land, it is not a wonder why the ancient Greek writers swore that the Ethiopians ruled the whole of Arabia. It was clear to the sophisticated Greeks and the worldly Romans that Black Africans settled and developed this portion of Arabia!

Arabia Deserta

Arabia Deserta was originally people by the Bejas and kindred groups from Africa. These are the original owners of the Sahara and its extension known as the Arabia Desert. The Bejas as we have seen from preceeding paragraphs were the first to be called Bedouins due to their nomadic culture and their preference for Desert habitats.

In the beginning of Holocene period, a group of landless, barbarian, starving, pale-skinned Central Asian refugees now known as the pale-skin Arabs (i.e. the so-called Semites) began living side by side with the nomadic African Cushitic Bejas who owned the entire Sahara desert between the Nile and the Arabian peninsula. Over the course of time these two peoples have intermingled culturally and genetically that there is barely any pale skin (Arabized) Arabs alive today that does not carry extensive Africa genes in his blood. The descendants of this intermingling are the so-called modern Semitic Arabs (more precisely known as the Arabized Arabs) who trace their roots through Abraham.


The Central Asian barbarians did not develop any states, high culture or language in Arabia. They were destitues, mostly ignorant, unread and illiterate. The Koran takes great pain to dissociate this group from the high cultural attainment of ancient Arabia. It is clearly stated that until the advent of the Islamic Prophet Muhammed, these so-called Semites lived in a state of perpetual brutality, savagery, warfare and robbery.

The Koran also takes pain to identify the original Black Arabs who had lived in Ad, Thamud, Imru etc, as the originators and builders of Arab civilization and culture.

These Arabized Arabs have sublimated stories of their origin in the legend of Abraham, which narrates of his journey from somewhere proximate to central Asia into the Black African territory of Arabia. He was said to have married a Black Egyptian-born wife, Hagar/Hajir, and their son was named, Ishmael/Isma’il. In this legend one immediately becomes aware of the central Asian origin of its heros and the resultant miscegenation which gave rise to the Arabised Arabs.

These so-called descendants of Abraham (actually mix breed from Black African Bejas and pale central Asian-stanis like the Turkmenistanis) settled in Mecca which was then under the overlordship of the Kushitic-Ethiopic owners of Arabia-Felix. This category of Arabs normally called themselves ‘Adnaniyun – that is, after one of their great tribal ancestors Adnan.

Despite the mythical origin of this peculiar historical source, it is clear that conscious effort has been made by Arabized Arabs to associate their tribes to African Royal pedigree. Since it is generally known that Kushitic citizenship was matrilineal, and only children born by Kemitic Kushite mothers could aspire to be Kings in Egypt and Ethiopia, it does not take a lot of imagination to understand the role of the black Egyptian (Kemitic Kushite) Hagar in the Abraham story. The Arabized Arabs actually claim a Black African historical and archetypal mother! No wonder “Aswad” (Black) is such an attractive concept in Arabic language.

December 9,2006
To be continued


6 Responses “The Original Black African Arabs of Arabia (Part 2) — Ogu Eji-Ofo Annu”

Dana Marniche replied:

The Blemmyes were thought to have been just one of the Bedja tribes. Bedja or Medjayu was a more general name for the Afro-Semitic Cushitic people living on the African side of the Eritraean Sea. There were also the Adiabari, Megabari and other Barbari. The Anag’il of the Bedja are now called Danakil. Abraham’s people were very likely similar to the modern dark-skinned Mash’ai of Oman known to Josephus as Mash son of Aram. The Aramaeans of ancient times were the Amorites or Ammuru. Thus, according to the Biblical book Ezekiel - Israel’s mother was a Hittite and father was an Amorite. Both were early Canaanite peoples. Ham Shem and Japhet were all the same people 3500 years ago. The Syro-Aramaeans in the tomb of king Tut and Phoenicians in the temple art of the Egyptians show that they had the same pigment as the people of the ancient Egyptians, Puntites and some of the peoples of Nubia - A dark brown color with a copper or brick red caste.
January 26th, 2007 at 5:07 pm. Permalink.

Ali Sharif Mandela replied:

If Prophet Abraham(sas)was a pale skinned Central Asian Semite
and his wife Haga/Hajir was a Black kemitic Kushite Eyptian African woman,then was Prophet Muhammad’s(sas)skin color pale or
a dark brown color with a copper or brick red caste? It appears that most Arabs was of dark hue before the advent of european invaders,conquers,colonizers,
rapist or intermarriage added to the skin color. Prophet Muhammad(sas)is described as having pale skin or white. Looking at his lineage,would it be proper to say he is white,black or of mixed heritage? Also,if there was no invasion,conquest or
colonization of Arabia,and no intermarriage or rape by Europeans(Turks or Persians),
then how could the Prophet or anyone else be born of white skin color at that period of time in Arabia? Please explain!
February 16th, 2007 at 7:31 am. Permalink.

The Original Black African Arabs of Arabia (Part 1) — Ogu Eji-Ofo Annu
Posted in Rastas by Don Jaide on November 26, 2006.
The Original Black African Arabs of Arabia (Part 1)
By:
Ogu Eji-Ofo Annu

“If one understood Arab Culture it is immediately apparent that Blackness is highly cherished conceptually and in reality. In Arab culture the best camel is the black one the best Fig is the blackest, the best eyes are black, the best olives are black, the most beautiful rock is the Black Kaaba. Any Bedouin Arab that is asked his color, would undoubtedly respond Asmar or Aswad which means Black/Brown. No Arab ever describes himself as Bidan which means White. ”

Who are the Arabs:

In today’s world, one is seducively led by the racist western media to believe that the Arabs of Arabia and Africa represent a peculiar phenotype with all other non-conforming types being somewhat alien to that concept. In this way they impose a certain central Asian phenotype as the “racial Arab” and the almost ubiquitous Black Arabs of the modern times as either descendants of slaves or immigrants.

In this way, they attempt to disconnect the linkage between the ancient Kushitic Black Arabs globally celebrated in antiquity (now reclassified as some “caucasoid” “semitics”) and their Kushitic African roots.

This article is therefore another blow against the citadel of falsehood erected by the western intelligensia used to discourage, dis-empower dissipate and diffuse the energy of the Black nation. Again one notes and deplores the unrelenting effort by non-continental peoples to appropriate the history and the achievements of brilliant Black African luminaries as their own. Much confusion attends the word “Arabs”, because it has not always been used with rigourous (righteous) consistency. Moreover, in the wake of the global dominance of the Arab culture and Islamic political power in the between 7AD and 14 AD, the number of Arabs increased exponentially by the addition of many non Arab Arabized people, because acculturation and assimilation were delibrately fostered by state policy.

Today, the word Arabs does not strictly imply or designate any known racial category of people. It is an ethnic identification that has several aspect including liguistics, politics and genealogy. Its meaning is nuanced depending on the particular context.

As an ethnic identity, an Arab is someone who considers himself to be an Arab regardless of racial or ethnic origin. This definition encompasses many Africans, Indians, Indonesians and Chinese who describe themselves as Arabs.

Usually the first language of persons who claim to be Arab is Arabic. There are over 200 million people worldwide whose first language is Arabic. Again these peoples spread over a large portion of the globe spanning from central Africa to central Asia. More than 70% of the so-called Arabs in the world live physically in Africa. Given that the Arabic language is a Semitic language, which forms part of the Afro-Asia language family, which originated in Africa, one can rightly view Arabic as an African language. Of the official languages of the African Union that include English, French, Spanish, Portugese, and Arabic, Arabic language is the only Afro-Asiatic language spoken. The rest are Euro-Aryan English, French, Spanish and Portugese. See Uwechia Jide; Hamito-Semitic Africa: Rasta Livewire Blog Archive Hamito-Semitic Africa; Semites of Africa II - By - Jide Uwechia. See also Peter T. Daniels, Origin of Semitic: https://listhost.uchicago.edu/piperm...ry/011842.html.
Viewed from a political perspective, someone who is a resident or citizen of a country where Arabic is an official or national language, or is a member of the Arab League or is part of the wider Arab world is an Arab. This definition would cover more than 300 million people. Under this definition, there are more Arabs in Africa than anywhere else in the universe. Most of those Arabs that live in Africa are Black Africans, from Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia, Eriteria, Kenya Tanzannia, Egypt, Algeria and Morocco. Many of them trace their ancestry to Yemen.


On its formation in 1946, the Arab League defined an “Arab” as: “… a person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arabic speaking country, who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arabic speaking peoples.” The Arab League’s definition of an Arab leaves no room for any racialist twist on the meaning of Arab and Arabic. These words simply denote ethnicity. Yet again, based upon this definition, there are more Black Africans who have a legitimate claim to the Arabic ethnicity than anywhere else in the world.

(* editor's note, 1946 the Arab League named them "Arab" cause they spoke Arabic to secularize Islam due to tribalism, this is why many muslims can't believe people outside of East Africa are Muslim. For example the first three questions usually after greeting an Arabian Muslim with the "greeting of Peace" are retorted back akwardly something like this , "You are muslim brotha/sistah, when did you take your proclamation of faith *(Shahaadah) , and how long, and where are you from" >end note?<<


According to Habib Hassan Touma (1996, p.xviii), “An ‘Arab’, in the modern sense of the word, is one who is a national of an Arab state, has command of the Arabic language, and possesses a fundamental knowledge of Arabian tradition, that is, of the manners, customs, and political and social systems of the culture.” Here again, one finds that there more Black African Arabs based on this definiton than any other regional phenotype that lays claim to that heritage.

A hadith related by Ibn Asakir in Tarak Dimashq and attributed to Islam’s prophet Muhammad states that :”Being an Arab is not because of your father or mother, but being an Arab is on account of your tongue. Whoever learns Arabic is an Arab.” .

Genealogically, an Arab is someone who can trace his or her ancestry back to the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula. Different groups estimate the relative importance of these factors differently. Most people who consider themselves Arabs do so on the basis of the overlap of the political and linguistic definitions. (*note pink means "POWER" for the presentation).

Since there are so many different phenotypes all considered as Arabs, the query posed and answered by this paper then is: who are the original Arabs? Were they Black or White or Black and White? It is posited here that the original Arabs were Black African Kushites from the Nile valley who had settled in southwest Asia in the Arabian Peninsula in ancient times.

answer:


They were Kushitic-Ethiopians, speakers of an African prototypical Semitic language who had left from an area falling between the regions bordered by modern day Dafur in Sudan and Asmara in Eriteria. They took their African genes, their African intelligence, their African culture, their African language and their African love and built the ancient and the modern civilization known as Arabic civilization. In the paragraphs that follow, one is gradually introduced to the original Black Kushitic Arabs. See Uwechia Jide; Hamito-Semitic Africa: Rasta Livewire Blog Archive Hamito-Semitic Africa; Semites of Africa II - By - Jide Uwechia. See also Peter T. Daniels, Origin of Semitic: https://listhost.uchicago.edu/piperm...ry/011842.html.
Black Arabs and Classical Literature

Up to a century and a half ago our information concerning Arabia was based mainly on Greek and Latin writers, such as Herodotus (Histories), Diodorus Siculus (Bibliotheca Historica), Strabo (Geography, Book XVI), Pliny, Ptolemy, and others. All those writers reported without any equivocation that Arabia was part of the ancient Kingdom of Ethiopia Kush, extending from Africa into Solomon Islands.

Later Arabic writers and geographers, such as Hamadani’s “Arabian Peninsula,” Bekri and Yaqut’s geographical and historical dictionaries, and similar works also provide extremely valuable. However, those works are to be treated with caution because they contain fabulous and legendary traditions, partly based on native popular legends and partly on Jewish and rabbinical fancies.
From the available literature and authorities, historians have broadly divided Arabs into three classes according to their different great ancestors. They are:

•The original Black Arabs who were supposedly punished by destruction and deluge because, as legend has it in the book of Qur’an, they disobeyed their Prophets and flouted God’s instructions; they were: ‘Ad, Thamud, Tasam, Jadeis, Imru.

•The classical Black Arabs, who are believed to have descended from Ya’arub ibn Yashjub ibn Ghatan and thus called Ghataniyun. They had lived in the Yemen; they included a number of tribes and sub-tribes, two of which became historically prominent – viz., Himyar and Kahlan (al’arab al’ariba).

• The Arabized Arabs: These tribes immigrated into Arabia from different sections of central Asia. Many of them intermarried with the desert dwelling nomadic blemmyes - the Bejas (original Bedouin Arabs) and the Somali, Kenyan and Ethiopian tribes of Africa. Their mix -blood children who adopted a mingled form of their parents cultures are known as the Arabized Arabs (al ‘arab al musta ‘riba).

Today, upon the dictates of the western intelligensia, this banch is the so-called prototypical Arabs. They are the picture boys of the “white-semitic” theories which seek to claim that some white or at the very least some off-white people were and remain the original and only Arabians. By employing vague and non-categorical semantics with words like “Semites,” ‘Hamites,” Ishmaelites,” “caucasiods,” the western negro-phobic intelligensia and educational establishment seek to erase every trace of black Africa from Arabia.


Nonetheless, if one understood Arab culture it is immediately apparent that Blackness is highly cherished conceptually and in reality. In Arab culture the best camel is the black one the best fig is the blackest, the best eyes are black, the best olives are black, the most beautiful rock is the Black Kaaba. Any Bedouin Arab that is asked his color, would undoubtedly respond Asmar or Aswad which means Black/Brown. No Arab ever describes himself as Bidan which means White because they all understand instinctively if not consciously that Africa is their root.

The Black Arabs as described in “Josephus’ Antiquities of the Jews”:
Josephus was a soldier, priest and scholar who was born in 37 AD. His written works are seminal in western history and for many centuries were some of the most widely read and influential books of the western civilization. In the paragraphs that immediately follow, excerpts of Josephus’ commentary on the Arabs and near easterners who were contemporary to his period are reproduced. See The Catholich Encyclopadia

According to Josephus:

“The children of Ham (note: Ham is the archetypal ancestor Black people according to Hebrew, Arabic and Jewish legends) possessed the land from Syria and Amanus (modern Jordan), and the mountains of Libanus (modern Lebanon); seizing upon all that was on its sea-coasts, and as far as the ocean, and keeping it as their own.

Some indeed of its names are utterly vanished away; others of them being changed, and another sound given them, are hardly to be discovered; yet a few there are which have kept their denominations entire. For of the four sons of Ham, time has not at all hurt the name of Chus; for the Ethiopians, over whom he reigned, are even at this day, both by themselves and by all men in Asia, called Chusites. The memory also of the Mesraites is preserved in their name; for all we who inhabit this country [of Judea] called Egypt Mestre, and the Egyptians Mestreans.

Phut

Phut also was the founder of Libya, and called the inhabitants Phutites, from himself: there is also a river in the country of Moors which bears that name; whence it is that we may see the greatest part of the Grecian historiographers mention that river and the adjoining country by the apellation of Phut: but the name it has now has been by change given it from one of the sons of Mesraim, who was called Lybyos. We will inform you presently what has been the occasion why it has been called Africa also.

Canaan, the fourth son of Ham, inhabited the country now called Judea, and called it from his own name Canaan. The children of these [four] were these: Sabas, who founded the Sabeans (Editor’s note: the Black Arabs, the Yemenites,); Evilas, who founded the Evileans, who are called Getuli; Sabathes founded the Sabathens (Editors note: the Black Hadramutians, Sabatha was the ancient capital of Hadramut), they are now called by the Greeks Astaborans; Sabactas settled the Sabactens (note: the Black Southern Arabians also called Omanites); and Ragmus the Ragmeans (note: a Black Arab section of south western Arabia mentioned frequently in Sabean inscriptions); and he had two sons, the one of whom, Judadas, settled the Judadeans, a nation of the western Ethiopians, and left them his name; as did Sabas to the Sabeans: but Nimrod, the son of Chus (the Black ancient Iraqi Arabs), raided and tyrannized at Babylon, as we have already informed you.

Now all the children of Mesraim, being eight in number, possessed the country from Gaza to Egypt, though it retained the name of one only, the Philistim; for the Greeks call part of that country Palestine. As for the rest, Ludieim, and Enemim, and Labim, who alone inhabited in Libya, and called the country from himself, Nedim, and Phethrosim, and Chesloim, and Cephthorim, we know nothing of them besides their names; for the Ethiopic war which we shall describe hereafter, was the cause that those cities were overthrown. The sons of Canaan were these: Sidonius, who also built a city of the same name; it is called by the Greeks Sidon.”





Axum Empire, Ethiopia and it's history with the Africans of Islam



Axum, or Aksum, is a city in northern Ethiopia named after the long lived Kingdom of Aksum, a naval and trading power that ruled from the region ca. 400 BC into the 10th century—nearly a millennium and a half. The kingdom was occasionally referred to in medieval writings as "Ethiopia".

It is believed it began a long slow decline after the 7th century due to partly to Islamic groups contesting trade routes. Eventually Aksum was cut off from its principal markets in Alexandria, Byzantium and Southern Europe and its trade share was captured by Arab traders of the era, which dovetails well with the Arab ethnic traditions and historical reputation as traders. The Kingdom of Aksum also quarrled with Islamic groups over religion. Eventually the people of Aksum were forced south and hence, their city and civilazation declined slowly, but surely. As the kingdom's power declined so did the influence of the city, which is believed to have lost population in the decline similar to Rome and other cities thrust away from the flow of world events.

The last known (nominal) king to reign was crowned ca. 10th century, but the kingdom's influence and power ended long before that.

Its decline in population and trade then contributed to the shift of the power centre of the Ethiopian Empire so that it moved further inland and bequeathed its alternative place name (Ethiopia) to the region, and eventually, the modern state. *Not really, not until


Axum and Islam


The connection of Axum with Islam is very old. According to ibn Hisham, when Muhammad faced oppression from the Quraish clan, he sent a small group that included his daughter Ruqayya and her husband Uthman ibn Affan, whom Ashama ibn Abjar, the king of Axum, gave refuge to, and protection to, and refused the requests of the Quraish clan to send these refugees back to Arabia.These refugees did not return until the sixth year of the Hijra (628), and even then many remained in Ethiopia , eventually settling at Negash in eastern Tigray.

There are different traditions concerning the effect these early Muslims had on the ruler of Axum. The Muslim tradition is that the ruler of Axum was so impressed by these refugees that he became a secret convert. On the other hand, one Ethiopian tradition states that the Muslim refugees who lived in Ethiopia during this time converted to Orthodox Christianity, thus becoming the first known convert from Islam to Christianity. Worth mentioning is a second Ethiopian tradition, that on the death of Ashama ibn Abjar, Muhammed is reported to have prayed for the king's soul, and told his followers, "Leave the Abyssinians in peace, as long as they do not take the offensive.


Negus
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For other uses see Negus (disambiguation)
Negus (Ge'ez ንጉሥ, nigūś, Amharic nigūs; cf. Tigrinya ነጋሽ negāš) is a title in Ge'ez, Tigrinya, Tigre and Amharic, used for a king and at times also a vassal ruler in pre-1974 Ethiopia and pre-1890 Eritrea. It is subsequently used to translate the word "king" in Biblical and other literature. It is a noun derived from the ancient Semitic verbal root N - G - Ś meaning "to reign."

In more recent times it was used as an honorific title bestowed on governors of the most important provinces (kingdoms): Gojjam, Welega and the seaward kingdom (where the variation Bahr Negus 'King of the Sea', was the ancient title of the ruler of present-day central Eritrea) and later Shewa.

Both uses and the imperial dignity would meet in the person of a regional prince, Lij Kassa Hailu, third youngest son of Dejazmach Hailu Wolde-Giyorgis, Governor of Qwara province, by his second wife Woizero Attitaggab, who rebelled against Empress Menen and her son Ras Ali II the Viceroy, in 1845 and spent the next nine years alternating between rebellion and submisison until he was proclaimed as Negus at Amba Chera, (19 September 1854), and after the battle of Derasge proclaimed himself Emperor 8 February 1855 and was crowned as Tewodros II, at Derasge Maryam the next day.


Ed note>> Axumite Muslims have attempted to build a mosque in this most holy of Ethiopian towns, Orthodox residents, and the emperors of the past have replied that they must be allowed to build an Ethiopian Orthodox church in Mecca if the Muslims are to be allowed to build a mosque in Axum.

*** Ed note In political geography and international politics, a country is a political division of a geographical entity, a sovereign territory, most commonly associated with the notions of state or nation and government.

In common usage, the term is used casually in the sense of both "nation" (a cultural entity; see below) and "state" (a political entity; see below). Definitions may vary. It is sometimes used to refer to both states and some other political entities.[1], while in some occasions it refers only to state.[2] It is not uncommon for general information or statistical publications to adopt the wider definition for purposes such as illustration and comparison.[3]

There are dozens of "non-sovereign territories" (subnational entities, another form of political division or administrative division within the expanse [realm or scope] of a larger nation-state) which constitute cohesive geographical entities, some of which are former countries, but which are not sovereign states. Most of these nowadays even have a great deal of autonomy and local governments but such do not constitute a nation as they are possessions of such states — as several states have overseas dependencies, with territory and citizenry separate from their own. Such dependencies are sometimes listed together with states on lists of countries.[3] **hence Saudi Arabia end note<<



Axum continued...

Axum remained a strong empire and trading power until the rise of Islam in the seventh (6th) century. However, because the Axumites had sheltered Muhammad's first followers, the Muslims never attempted to overthrow Axum as they spread across the face of Africa. Nevertheless, as early as 640, Umar ibn al-Khattāb sent a naval expedition against Adulis under Alkama bin Mujazziz, but it was eventually defeated. Axumite naval power also declined throughout the period, though in 702 Aksumite pirates were able to invade the Hejaz and occupy Jeddah. In retaliation, however, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik was able to take the Dahlak Archipelago from Axum, which became Muslim from that point on, though later recovered in the 9th century and vassal to the Emperor of Ethiopia.

Eventually, the Islamic Empire took control of the Red Sea and most of the Nile, forcing Axum into economic isolation. However, it still had relatively good relations with all of its Muslim neighbors. Two Christian states northwest of Axum (in modern day Sudan), Maqurra and Alwa, survived until the thirteenth century when they were finally forced by Muslim conversion to become Islamic. Axum, however, remained untouched by the Islamic movements across Africa.

Coinage

The Empire of Aksum was also the first African polity to issue its own coins. From the reign of Endubis up to Armah (approximately 270 to 610), gold, silver and bronze coins were minted. Issuing coinage in ancient times was an act of great importance in itself, for it proclaimed that the Axumite Empire considered itself equal to its neighbors. Many of the coins are used as signposts about what was happening when they were minted. An example being the addition of the cross to the coin after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. The presence of coins also simplified trade, and was at once a useful instrument of propaganda and a source of profit to the empire
Decline.

Aksum began to decline in the 7th century, and the population was forced to go farther inland to the highlands, eventually being defeated c. 950

Local history hold that a Jewish Queen named Yodit (Judith) or "Gudit" defeated the empire and burned its churches and literature, but while there is evidence of churches being burned and an invasion around this time, her existence has been questioned by some modern authors. Another possibility is that the Axumite power was ended by a southern pagan queen named Bani al-Hamwiyah, possibly of the tribe al-Damutah or Damoti (Sidama).